Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Relationship between an atom, an element, a compound and a molecule
Elements and compounds - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements and molecules
Elements and compounds - Molecules
Elements and compounds - Chemical symbols for common elements
Elements and compounds - Deriving symbols from element names

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term element
- Distinguish between elements and compounds
- Appreciate the difference between elements and compounds

- Discuss the meaning of elements using digital devices or print resources
- Compare elements and compounds
- Give examples of elements and compounds

What is the difference between an element and a compound?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Relevant print resources
- Charts showing molecular structures
- Digital resources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 2
- Periodic table charts
- Reference books
- Element name charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Symbols derived from Latin names
Elements and compounds - Word equations for formation of compounds
Elements and compounds - More practice on word equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements with symbols from Latin names
- Write symbols for elements with Latin origins
- Appreciate the historical naming of elements

- Study table of elements with Latin names
- Practice writing symbols from Latin origins
- Discuss why some elements use Latin-derived symbols

Why do some elements use Latin names for their symbols?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 3
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 5
- Charts with word equations
- Worksheets
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Observation - Group work assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Application of common elements in society
Elements and compounds - Elements in jewellery, trophies and medals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of common elements
- Explain why certain elements are valuable
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

- Study pictures showing uses of elements
- Discuss why elements like gold are valuable
- Identify elements used in construction and electronics

Why are some elements more valuable than others?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 6
- Pictures of items made from elements
- Real samples where available
- Pictures of jewellery and trophies
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements in construction and electrical applications
Elements and compounds - Mineral elements in food

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements used in construction
- Explain uses of copper and aluminium
- Appreciate the role of elements in industry

- Discuss uses of iron, aluminium and silicon
- Identify properties that make these elements suitable
- Examine electrical wires and construction materials

How are elements applied in construction and electricity?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 7
- Samples of wires and construction materials
- Reference books
- Pictures of foods
- Nutrition charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Information on packaging labels
Elements and compounds - Extended activity on elements at home

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read and interpret packaging labels
- Identify elements and compounds on labels
- Appreciate the importance of product information

- Examine packaging labels of common products
- Identify elements and compounds listed
- Discuss importance of labeling

Why do manufacturers provide information about elements and compounds on labels?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 8
- Product packages
- Digital resources
- Homework assignment sheets
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - End of sub-strand assessment
Physical and chemical changes - Characteristics of matter in different states
Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (liquids)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms: element, compound, atom, molecule
- Write chemical symbols and word equations
- Explain applications of elements

- Complete end of sub-strand test
- Reflect on learning progress
- Identify areas for improvement

Can you apply what you have learned about elements and compounds?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1-9
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 10
- Paper
- Scissors
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 11
- Colored liquid (juice or ink)
- Water
- Containers

- Written examination - Practical assessment - Portfolio review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (gases)
Physical and chemical changes - Particles are in continuous random motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that gases are made of particles
- Observe dispersion of smoke
- Show interest in properties of gases

- Burn grass wrapped in paper to produce smoke
- Observe smoke dispersion
- Discuss findings

What happens to smoke as it moves away from the source?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 12
- Fresh grass
- Paper
- Lighter (teacher supervised)
- Chalk dust
- Container with water
- Hand lens

- Observation - Oral questions - Safety compliance

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Particles have spaces between them
Physical and chemical changes - Summary of properties of different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that particles have spaces
- Explain dissolution process
- Show curiosity about particle arrangement

- Dissolve salt in water in a volumetric flask
- Observe volume changes
- Discuss why volume decreases

Why does the volume decrease when salt dissolves in water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 13
- Salt or sugar
- Volumetric flask
- Water
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 14
- Charts showing particle arrangement
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in liquids
Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffusion
- Demonstrate diffusion in liquids
- Explain factors affecting diffusion

- Put ink drops in cold and warm water
- Observe and compare diffusion rates
- Discuss temperature effect on diffusion

Why does ink spread faster in warm water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 15
- Ink
- Beakers
- Cold and warm water
- Droppers
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 16
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Pure and impure substances
Physical and chemical changes - Determining melting point of candle wax

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between pure and impure substances
- Give examples of each
- Show interest in purity of substances

- Define pure and impure substances
- Give examples
- Discuss how to test for purity

What is the difference between pure and impure substances?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 16
- Samples of pure and impure substances
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 17
- Candle wax
- Beaker
- Thermometer
- Heat source
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Interpreting heating curves
Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on melting point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plot graph of temperature against time
- Interpret heating curves
- Identify melting and boiling points on graphs

- Plot graph from data collected
- Identify different sections of the curve
- Explain what happens at each section

What does a heating curve tell us about a substance?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 18
- Graph paper
- Data from previous lesson
- Rulers
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 19
- Pure candle wax
- Impure candle wax
- Thermometers
- Heat sources

- Graph assessment - Oral questions - Written explanations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on boiling point
Physical and chemical changes - Physical changes
Physical and chemical changes - Heating wax (physical change)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling points of pure and impure water
- Explain effect of impurities on boiling point
- Appreciate importance of purity

- Heat pure ice and salty ice
- Record temperatures until boiling
- Compare boiling points

Why do pure and impure substances have different boiling points?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 20
- Pure ice
- Salty ice
- Thermometers
- Beakers
- Heat sources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 21
- Chalk
- Tissue paper
- Water
- Containers
- Wax
- Test tube
- Test tube holder
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Chemical changes introduction
Physical and chemical changes - Temporary chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define chemical change
- Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Burn paper and collect ash
- Cook an egg
- Discuss reversibility

Can chemical changes be reversed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 22
- Paper
- Matches
- Egg
- Heat source
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 23
- Cobalt (II) chloride
- Boiling tube
- Thermometer

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Reversing temporary chemical changes
Physical and chemical changes - Permanent chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reverse temporary chemical change
- Observe heat production
- Explain the reversibility

- Add water to anhydrous Cobalt (II) chloride
- Observe color and temperature changes
- Discuss findings

Can temporary chemical changes be reversed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 24
- Anhydrous Cobalt (II) chloride
- Water
- Thermometer
- Dropper
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 25
- Copper (II) nitrate
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Weighing balance

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Applications of physical changes
Physical and chemical changes - Applications of chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of physical changes
- Explain importance in daily life
- Appreciate usefulness of physical changes

- Discuss melting ice, boiling water, dissolving
- Study pictures of applications
- Give everyday examples

How are physical changes applied in daily life?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 26
- Pictures showing applications
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 27
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Causes of fire in nature
Classes of fire - More on causes of fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of fire in nature
- Explain how fires start
- Show awareness of fire dangers

- Study pictures of fire incidents
- Discuss possible causes
- Share experiences from locality

What can cause fire in nature?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38
- Pictures of fire scenes
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 39
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Safety posters

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Components of the fire triangle
Classes of fire - Role of components in fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three components of fire triangle
- Explain role of each component
- Show understanding of combustion

- Discuss fuel, heat and oxygen
- Draw fire triangle
- Explain how fire starts

What three things are needed for fire to burn?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 40
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books
- Charts
- Sample fuels
- Reference materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Classification of fires
Classes of fire - Class A and B fires
Classes of fire - Class C, D and K fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different classes of fire
- Classify fires according to fuel type
- Show awareness of fire types

- Study flashcards on fire classes
- Discuss Class A, B, C, D, K fires
- Give examples of each class

How are fires classified?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 41
- Flashcards
- Charts
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 42
- Pictures
- Sample materials
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Controlling fire using extinguishers
Classes of fire - Types of fire extinguishers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of fire extinguishers
- Match extinguishers to fire classes
- Appreciate importance of correct extinguisher use

- Study pictures of extinguishers
- Research on types of extinguishers
- Discuss which extinguisher for each fire class

Why is it important to use the correct fire extinguisher?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 43
- Pictures of extinguishers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher pictures
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Research presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Water and foam extinguishers
Classes of fire - Breaking the fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe water extinguishers
- Describe foam extinguishers
- Explain when not to use them

- Discuss water extinguisher uses
- Discuss foam extinguisher uses
- Explain dangers of misuse

Why should water extinguishers not be used on electrical fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher information
- Safety guidelines
- Reference materials
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 45
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Safety awareness - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Removal of heat and fuel
Classes of fire - Removal of oxygen (smothering)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate removing heat to stop fire
- Demonstrate removing fuel to stop fire
- Apply fire control methods

- Practice spraying water on paper fire
- Practice removing unburnt materials
- Discuss effectiveness

How does removing heat or fuel stop a fire?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 46
- Water
- Paper
- Safe burning area
- Supervision
- Candle
- Glass
- Matches
- Fire blanket

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Fire safety at school
Classes of fire - Fire control measures at school

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire risks at school
- Suggest fire prevention measures
- Show responsibility for fire safety

- Identify combustible materials at school
- Identify ignition sources
- Discuss likely fire classes at school

What fire safety measures should be in our school?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 47
- School compound tour
- Safety guidelines
- School safety equipment
- Emergency plans

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Practicing fire control measures
Classes of fire - Right to safety information on flammable substances
Classes of fire - Project on fire safety posters
Classes of fire - End of sub-strand assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Practice fire drill procedures
- Use appropriate control methods
- Demonstrate fire safety awareness

- Participate in fire drill
- Practice using fire extinguishers (with supervision)
- Follow evacuation procedures

How well can you respond to a fire emergency?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 48
- Fire extinguishers
- Emergency exits
- Safety equipment
- Sample containers with labels
- Hazard symbol charts
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38-48
- Chart paper
- Colors
- Reference materials
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Participation