Linear Motion

Introduction to Linear Motion and Basic Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities
-State the SI units for distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Explain the difference between distance and displacement using examples

Q/A on types of motion students observe daily
-Demonstration of linear motion using trolley on runway
-Discussion on difference between distance and displacement using school compound examples
-Drawing diagrams to show distance vs displacement
-Practical activity: Students walk different paths between two points to measure distance vs displacement

Trolley
-Runway/metre rule
-Chalk for marking
-Charts showing motion types
-School compound map
-Measuring tape

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 1-4

Linear Motion

Speed and Velocity Calculations
Acceleration and Equations of Motion
Motion-Time Graphs (Distance-Time and Speed-Time)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate average speed and velocity
-Convert units between m/s and km/h
-Solve problems involving speed, velocity, distance and time
-Apply speed and velocity concepts to real-life situations

Review of previous lesson through Q/A
-Demonstration of speedometer reading
-Worked examples on speed calculations
-Unit conversion practice (m/s to km/h and vice versa)
-Problem-solving session with real-life scenarios
-Students calculate their walking speed around school field

Speedometer (if available)
-Stopwatches
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Worked examples charts
-School field for practical work
Trolley
-Inclined plane
-Stopwatch
-Metre rules
-Chart showing equation derivations
-Worked examples
Graph paper
-Rulers
-Trolley
-Charts showing different graph types
-Data tables for plotting

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 2-4

Linear Motion

Velocity-Time Graphs and Acceleration
Measuring Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Using Ticker-Timer
Motion Under Gravity - Free Fall

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot and interpret velocity-time graphs
-Calculate acceleration from gradient of velocity-time graph
-Determine displacement from area under velocity-time graph
-Distinguish between uniform and non-uniform acceleration from graphs

Review of previous graphs through Q/A
-Demonstration of changing velocity using trolley
-Plotting velocity-time graphs for: uniform velocity, uniform acceleration, variable acceleration
-Calculating gradients to find acceleration
-Calculating areas to find displacement
-Interpretation of curved velocity-time graphs

Graph paper
-Rulers
-Trolley
-Stopwatch
-Inclined plane
-Charts showing v-t graphs
-Calculator
-Sample data sets
Ticker-timer
-Ticker-tape
-Runway
-Power supply
-Scissors
-Cellotape
-Graph paper
Various objects for dropping
-Measuring tape
-Safety equipment
-Charts showing free fall
-Worked examples on board

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 8-13

Linear Motion
Refraction of Light

Horizontal Projection and Determining g Using Simple Pendulum
Introduction to Refraction and Basic Phenomena

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze motion of horizontally projected objects
-Calculate range and time of flight for horizontal projection
-Determine acceleration due to gravity using simple pendulum
-Apply pendulum formula T = 2π√(l/g)

Review free fall concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration of horizontal projection using ball rolling off table
-Analysis of projectile motion: horizontal and vertical components
-Setup and timing of simple pendulum
-Multiple readings for different pendulum lengths
-Calculating g using T² vs l graph
-Discussion on experimental errors and precautions

Ball
-Table
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Simple pendulum setup
-Strings of different lengths
-Masses
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Calculator
Glass blocks
-Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Sticks/pencils
-Pins
-White paper
-Ray box (if available)
-Charts showing refraction examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 25-27

Refraction of Light

Laws of Refraction and Snell's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the two laws of refraction
-Define refractive index and state its symbol
-Apply Snell's law: sin i/sin r = constant
-Understand that incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data

Review refraction phenomena through Q/A
-Experiment: investigating refraction through glass block
-Measuring angles of incidence and refraction
-Plotting graph of sin i against sin r
-Derivation and application of Snell's law
-Worked examples calculating refractive index
-Discussion on significance of constant ratio

Glass blocks
-Pins
-Protractor
-Ruler
-White paper
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ray box
-Soft board
-Drawing pins

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 35-39

Refraction of Light

Absolute and Relative Refractive Index
Real and Apparent Depth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define absolute and relative refractive index
-Relate refractive index to speed of light in different media
-Apply the relationship n = c/v
-Calculate relative refractive index between two media
-Solve problems involving refractive indices

Q/A review on Snell's law and calculations
-Discussion on light speed in different media
-Derivation of n = c/v relationship
-Explanation of absolute vs relative refractive index
-Worked examples with multiple media
-Problem-solving session with real materials
-Group work on refractive index calculations

Calculator
-Charts showing refractive indices
-Worked examples
-Reference tables
-Graph paper
-Different transparent materials
-Speed of light reference chart
Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Rulers
-Pins
-Travelling microscope (if available)
-Glass blocks
-Colored chalk dust
-Calculator
-Measuring cylinders

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 39-43

Refraction of Light

Experimental Determination of Refractive Index

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe methods to determine refractive index experimentally
-Use real and apparent depth method
-Apply pin method for refractive index determination
-Use no-parallax method
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data
-Discuss sources of error and precautions

Q/A on real and apparent depth concepts
-Experiment 1: Real and apparent depth using pins
-Experiment 2: Glass block method using pins
-Experiment 3: No-parallax method with water
-Data collection and analysis
-Plotting graphs where applicable
-Discussion on experimental errors and improvements

Glass blocks
-Pins
-Cork holders
-Beakers
-Water
-Rulers
-White paper
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Measuring tape

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 48-51

Refraction of Light

Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Applications of Total Internal Reflection - Optical Devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define critical angle
-State conditions for total internal reflection
-Derive relationship between critical angle and refractive index
-Calculate critical angle for different materials
-Explain total internal reflection using ray diagrams

Review experimental methods through Q/A
-Demonstration: increasing angle of incidence in glass-air interface
-Observation of critical angle and total internal reflection
-Derivation of sin c = 1/n relationship
-Worked examples calculating critical angles
-Investigation using semi-circular glass block
-Discussion on applications of total internal reflection

Semi-circular glass block
-Ray box
-White paper
-Protractor
-Pins
-Calculator
-Charts showing TIR
-Water
-Different transparent blocks
45° prisms
-Periscope model
-Optical fiber samples
-Mirrors for comparison
-Transparent containers
-Charts showing optical instruments
-Binoculars (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 51-55

Refraction of Light

Mirage and Atmospheric Refraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of mirage using refraction principles
-Describe atmospheric refraction effects
-Understand continuous refraction in varying density media
-Explain why sun appears above horizon after sunset
-Discuss polar mirages and their formation

Review TIR applications through Q/A
-Demonstration of refraction in liquids of different densities
-Explanation of hot air effects on light path
-Discussion on desert mirages and road mirages
-Atmospheric refraction effects on sun position
-Analysis of continuous refraction in varying media
-Drawing ray diagrams for mirage formation

Liquids of different densities
-Transparent containers
-Heat source (safe)
-Charts showing mirage formation
-Diagrams of atmospheric refraction
-Pictures of mirages
-Ray diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 55-56

Refraction of Light

Dispersion of White Light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dispersion of white light
-Explain why white light splits into colors
-Identify colors of visible spectrum in order
-Understand that different colors have different refractive indices
-Describe formation of rainbow

Q/A on atmospheric effects and TIR
-Experiment: dispersion using triangular prism
-Observation of spectrum formation
-Discussion on why different colors bend differently
-Explanation of rainbow formation
-Identification of ROYGBIV sequence
-Investigation of spectrum using CD/DVD

Triangular glass prism
-White light source
-Screen
-Ray box
-CD/DVD
-White paper
-Ruler
-Charts showing spectrum
-Pictures of rainbows

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 58-60

Refraction of Light
Newton's Laws of Motion

Recombination of Spectrum and Problem Solving
Newton's First Law and Inertia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate recombination of dispersed light
-Explain Newton's disc experiment
-Use concave mirror to recombine spectrum
-Solve complex problems involving refraction
-Apply all refraction concepts to examination-type questions

Review dispersion concepts through Q/A
-Experiment: recombining spectrum using second prism
-Demonstration of Newton's disc
-Using concave mirror to focus spectrum
-Comprehensive problem-solving session covering all topics
-Practice with past examination questions
-Review and consolidation of entire unit

Second triangular prism
-Concave mirror
-Newton's disc
-Motor (for spinning disc)
-Calculator
-Past exam papers
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Review charts
-All previous apparatus for revision
Cardboard
-Glass tumbler
-Coins
-Charts showing aircraft forces
-Pictures of safety devices
-Demonstration materials
-Balance

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 58-60

Newton's Laws of Motion

Momentum and its Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define momentum and state its SI unit
-Calculate momentum using p = mv
-Identify momentum as a vector quantity
-Solve problems involving momentum calculations
-Compare momentum of different objects

Review Newton's first law through Q/A
-Introduction to momentum concept with examples
-Demonstration: comparing stopping distances of vehicles
-Worked examples on momentum calculations
-Problem-solving session with various scenarios
-Discussion on factors affecting momentum

Calculator
-Toy cars of different masses
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 67-68

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion
Experimental Verification of Newton's Second Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's second law of motion
-Derive the relationship F = ma
-Define the Newton as unit of force
-Understand rate of change of momentum
-Apply F = ma to solve problems

Q/A on momentum concepts
-Derivation of F = ma from Newton's second law
-Definition of the Newton using F = ma
-Demonstration using ticker-timer and trolley
-Worked examples applying F = ma
-Problem-solving session with force calculations

Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Runway
-Elastic cords
-Masses
-Calculator
-Force diagrams
-Worked examples
-Ticker tape
-Various masses
-Scissors
-Graph paper
-Rulers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 68-74

Newton's Laws of Motion

Impulse and Change in Momentum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define impulse and state its units
-Understand impulse-momentum theorem
-Calculate impulse using Ft = Δp
-Analyze force-time graphs
-Apply impulse concept to real situations

Q/A review on Newton's second law
-Introduction to impulse concept
-Derivation of impulse-momentum theorem
-Analysis of force-time graphs and area calculation
-Worked examples on impulse calculations
-Discussion on applications: car safety, sports

Graph paper
-Force-time graph examples
-Calculator
-Charts showing car safety features
-Sports equipment examples
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 71-74

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Third Law of Motion
Applications of Newton's Laws - Lifts and Apparent Weight

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's third law of motion
-Understand action and reaction pairs
-Explain that forces occur in pairs
-Apply third law to various situations
-Analyze motion in different scenarios

Review impulse concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration: walking and floor interaction
-Demonstration: jumping from boat scenario
-Discussion on action-reaction pairs
-Examples from daily life: walking, swimming, rocket propulsion
-Problem-solving involving third law

Books for pressure demonstration
-Spring balances
-Trolleys
-String
-Charts showing action-reaction examples
-Pictures of rockets and jets
Spring balance
-Mass
-Lift diagrams
-Calculator
-Free-body diagram charts
-Worked examples
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 75-80

Newton's Laws of Motion

Conservation of Linear Momentum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of conservation of momentum
-Apply conservation of momentum to collisions
-Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions
-Solve collision problems
-Understand momentum in explosions

Review lift problems through Q/A
-Statement and explanation of conservation of momentum
-Demonstration: colliding trolleys or balls
-Analysis of elastic and inelastic collisions
-Worked examples on collision problems
-Discussion on explosions and momentum conservation

Trolleys
-Plasticine
-Marbles
-Spring balance
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Collision demonstration apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 80-86

Newton's Laws of Motion

Applications of Momentum Conservation - Rockets and Jets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rocket and jet propulsion
-Apply momentum conservation to propulsion systems
-Understand recoil velocity calculations
-Analyze garden sprinkler operation
-Solve recoil problems

Q/A review on momentum conservation
-Explanation of rocket propulsion principle
-Analysis of jet engine operation
-Calculation of recoil velocities
-Demonstration: balloon rocket or garden sprinkler
-Problem-solving on recoil scenarios

Balloons
-String
-Straws
-Garden sprinkler (if available)
-Charts showing rocket/jet engines
-Calculator
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 86-87

Newton's Laws of Motion

Friction - Types and Laws
Viscosity and Terminal Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define friction and explain its molecular basis
-Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
-State and apply laws of friction
-Understand advantages and disadvantages of friction
-Identify methods of reducing friction

Review momentum applications through Q/A
-Demonstration: block on table with increasing force
-Explanation of molecular basis of friction
-Discussion on types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling
-Investigation of factors affecting friction
-Examples of friction in daily life and technology

Wooden blocks
-Different surfaces
-Spring balance
-Weights
-Lubricants
-Sandpaper
-Charts showing friction applications
-Ball bearings
Tall measuring cylinder
-Glycerine
-Steel ball bearings
-Water
-Stopwatch
-Rubber bands
-Ruler
-Different viscous liquids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 87-90

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Sources of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different sources of energy
-Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
-Classify energy sources into appropriate categories
-Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources
-Understand energy crisis and conservation needs

Q/A on energy experiences in daily life
-Discussion on various energy sources students know
-Classification activity: renewable vs non-renewable
-Group work on energy source advantages/disadvantages
-Presentation on local energy sources in Kenya
-Discussion on energy conservation importance

Charts showing energy sources
-Pictures of solar panels, wind mills
-Samples: coal, wood, batteries
-Energy source classification cards
-Local energy examples
-Conservation posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 93-95

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Forms of Energy
Energy Transformation and Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define different forms of energy
-Identify chemical, mechanical, heat, electrical, and wave energy
-Give examples of each form of energy
-Understand energy exists in various forms
-Relate forms of energy to daily experiences

Review energy sources through Q/A
-Introduction to different forms of energy
-Demonstration: chemical energy in battery, mechanical energy in moving objects
-Discussion on heat energy from friction
-Examples of electrical energy in appliances
-Identification of wave energy: light, sound

Battery and bulb
-Moving trolley
-Rubbing blocks for friction
-Electrical appliances
-Tuning fork
-Torch
-Energy forms charts
-Real objects showing energy forms
Dynamo
-Battery
-Solar cell (if available)
-Charts showing energy transformations
-Transducer examples
-Energy flow diagrams
-Hydroelectric model setup

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 95-96

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Work and its Calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define work in scientific terms
-State the condition for work to be done
-Calculate work using W = F × d
-Understand work as a scalar quantity
-Solve problems involving work calculations

Review energy transformations through Q/A
-Definition of work with emphasis on force and displacement
-Demonstration: lifting objects, pushing trolleys
-Worked examples on work calculations
-Discussion on when no work is done
-Problem-solving session on work calculations

Spring balance
-Masses
-Trolley
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Force and displacement demonstrations
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 96-99

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Work with Variable Forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate work done by variable forces
-Interpret force-distance graphs
-Find work done using area under graphs
-Understand positive and negative work
-Apply graphical methods to work calculations

Q/A review on work calculations
-Introduction to variable forces
-Plotting force-distance graphs
-Demonstration: stretching spring with varying force
-Calculation of areas under graphs
-Worked examples with triangular and trapezoidal areas

Graph paper
-Springs
-Force meter
-Ruler
-Calculator
-Force-distance graph examples
-Different shaped area examples
-Demonstration springs

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 99-100

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gravitational Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gravitational potential energy
-Derive P.E. = mgh
-Calculate potential energy at different heights
-Understand reference levels for potential energy
-Solve problems involving potential energy

Review variable force work through Q/A
-Demonstration: lifting objects to different heights
-Derivation of P.E. = mgh
-Discussion on choice of reference level
-Worked examples on potential energy calculations
-Problem-solving session with gravitational P.E.

Masses of different sizes
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Height measurement setup
-Worked examples
-Gravitational P.E. charts
Trolleys
-Stopwatch
-Kinetic energy demonstration setup
-Speed measurement apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 100-102

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply conservation of energy to mechanical systems
-Analyze energy changes in pendulums and projectiles
-Solve problems using conservation of energy
-Understand energy transformations in oscillating systems
-Calculate energy at different positions

Review kinetic energy through Q/A
-Demonstration: simple pendulum energy changes
-Analysis of energy at different positions in pendulum swing
-Discussion on energy conservation in projectile motion
-Worked examples using conservation of energy
-Problem-solving on energy conservation

Simple pendulum setup
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Masses
-Calculator
-Pendulum energy charts
-Conservation examples
-String and bob

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 104-106

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Power and its Applications
Simple Machines - Introduction and Terminology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define power as rate of doing work
-Calculate power using P = W/t and P = Fv
-State SI unit of power (Watt)
-Understand power ratings of appliances
-Solve problems involving power calculations

Q/A on energy conservation
-Definition of power with examples
-Derivation of P = W/t and P = Fv
-Discussion on power ratings of electrical appliances
-Worked examples on power calculations
-Investigation: measuring power of students climbing stairs

Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Electrical appliances for power ratings
-Stairs for practical work
-Power calculation charts
Simple lever setup
-Masses for loads
-Ruler
-Machine terminology charts
-Efficiency calculation examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 106-108

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Levers - Types and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify levers into three types
-Identify examples of each type of lever
-Apply principle of moments to levers
-Calculate forces in lever systems
-Understand applications of different lever types

Q/A on machine terminology
-Classification of levers: Class I, II, and III
-Demonstration: examples of each lever type
-Application of principle of moments
-Worked examples on lever calculations
-Identification of levers in daily life tools

Various lever examples
-Rulers
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Fulcrum supports
-Lever classification charts
-Daily life lever examples
-Calculator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 112-114

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Pulleys - Fixed and Movable
Inclined Planes and Screws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand operation of fixed and movable pulleys
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for different pulley systems
-Analyze block and tackle arrangements
-Solve problems involving pulley systems
-Understand advantages of pulley systems

Review lever types through Q/A
-Demonstration: fixed pulley operation
-Demonstration: single movable pulley
-Analysis of block and tackle systems
-Calculation of M.A. and V.R. for different arrangements
-Problem-solving on pulley systems

Pulley blocks
-String
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Pulley arrangements
-Block and tackle setup
-Calculator
-Pulley system diagrams
Inclined plane setup
-Trolley or wooden block
-Measuring tape
-Protractor
-Screw examples
-Various inclined plane models

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 115-120

Reflection At Curved Surfaces

Spherical mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Describe concave, convex and parabolic reflectors

Reflecting light at curved mirrors

Concave mirrors
Convex mirrors
parabolic mirrors
Plane papers
Soft board, pins

Comprehensive secondary physics students book 2 pages 35
Comprehensive secondary physics teachers book 2 pages 18-22
Secondary physics KLB students book 2 page 83 

Reflection At Curved Surfaces

Parts of spherical mirrors and parabolic surfaces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Describe using any diagram, the principle axes, principle focus, centre of curvature, radius of curvature and related terms

Describing parts of a curved mirrors
Observing reflection at spherical mirrors

Variety of a curved mirrors
Graph papers
Rulers

Comprehensive secondary physics students book 2 pages 35-37
Comprehensive secondary physics teachers book 2 pages 18-22
Secondary physics KLB students book 2 page 85-87 

Reflection At Curved Surfaces
Reflection At Curved Surfaces
Reflection At Curved Surfaces

Applications of curved reflecting surfaces and magnification
Locating images in curved mirrors and parabolic surfaces
Characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define magnification
State and explain the applications of curved mirrors
State the defects of spherical mirrors

Explaining magnification and formula in curved mirrors
Describing the uses of curved mirrors
Asking questions

Curved mirrors
Exercise in students book 2
Graph papers
Soft boards
Plane papers
Pins
Concave mirrors

Comprehensive secondary physics students book 2 pages 40-43
Comprehensive secondary physics teachers book 2 pages 19-24
Secondary physics KLB students book 2 page 104-120