Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
Elements and Compounds - Identifying common elements
Elements and Compounds - Symbols of common elements
Elements and Compounds - Historical development of chemical symbols

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the relationship between an atom, an element, a molecule and a compound
- Distinguish between atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Appreciate the role of atoms as building blocks of matter

- Discuss the meaning of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Use digital or print media to search for information on atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Observe simulations of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table chart
- Sample items (copper wire, iron nails, aluminium foil, charcoal)
- Labelled containers
- Magnifying glass
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 32
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Flash cards
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts showing historical symbols

- Observation - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Word equations for reactions
Elements and Compounds - Reaction between iron and sulphur
Elements and Compounds - Reaction between magnesium and oxygen
Elements and Compounds - Differences between elements and compounds
Elements and Compounds - Classifying substances as elements or compounds
Elements and Compounds - Chemical formulae of compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write word equations to represent reactions of selected elements to form compounds
- Identify reactants and products in chemical reactions
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Use word equations to represent reactions of elements to form compounds (sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide, copper oxide, aluminium oxide)
- Identify elements in selected compounds
- Practice writing word equations

How can we represent chemical reactions using words?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 27
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Sample compounds
- Iron fillings
- Sulphur powder
- Magnet
- Crucible
- Heat source
- Tripod stand
- Magnesium ribbon
- Pair of tongs
- Bunsen burner
- Heat-proof mat
- Safety goggles
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample elements and compounds
- Classification charts
- Markers
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 38
- Periodic table
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Peer review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Building simple molecules
Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (metals)
Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (non-metals)
Elements and Compounds - Importance and market values of elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of simple molecules
- Demonstrate understanding of molecular structure
- Show creativity in model building

- Use atomic models to build molecules
- Build models of water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide
- Draw diagrams of molecules made
- Write corresponding formulae

How can we represent the structure of molecules using models?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 40
- Atomic model sets
- Manila paper
- Coloured markers
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample metal items
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts
- Price charts
- Reference materials

- Practical activity - Model assessment - Diagram drawing

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Information on packaging labels
Elements and Compounds - Rights to safety information
Elements and Compounds - Review and assessment
Elements and Compounds - Remedial and extension activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements and compounds on packaging labels
- Interpret information on consumer product labels
- Appreciate the importance of packaging information

- Observe labels on containers of drinking water, toothpaste, beverages, medicine
- Identify elements in ingredients
- Note important information for consumers
- Discuss safe disposal methods

What information should we look for on product labels?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 46
- Product packages
- Labels from various products
- Magnifying glass
- Product labels
- Safety symbol charts
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Manila paper
- Remedial worksheets
- Extension materials
- Atomic models

- Label analysis - Observation - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of matter in different states
Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of solids
Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of liquids
Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of gases
Physical and Chemical Changes - Diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the three states of matter
- Explain the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
- Appreciate the nature of matter

- Review ideas learnt about matter
- Draw flow chart showing relationship between states of matter
- Search Internet for videos and animations on matter
- Discuss properties of solids, liquids and gases

How are particles arranged in the three states of matter?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing particle arrangement
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 2
- Piece of stone
- Glass prism
- Weighing balance
- 250ml beaker
- Water
- Thread
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 4
- Measuring cylinder
- Conical flask
- 100ml syringe
- Kerosene
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 6
- Two balloons
- Meter rule
- Syringe
- Gas jars
- Bromine liquid
- Dropper
- Vaseline jelly
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 10
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Straw
- Spatula

- Flow chart assessment - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Applications of diffusion
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (zinc oxide)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (wax)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (hydrated salts)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of diffusion in daily life
- Relate diffusion to real-life situations
- Value the importance of diffusion

- Discuss diffusion in preparation of beverages
- Explain diffusion during cooking
- Describe pheromone traps in agriculture
- Discuss cooking gas leakage detection

How is diffusion applied in our daily activities?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 11
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 12
- 5g zinc oxide
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 13
- 5g wax
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 14
- Copper(II) sulphate crystals
- Boiling tube
- Delivery tube
- Beaker
- Clamp and stand

- Class discussion - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (cobalt chloride)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (potassium manganate VII)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (copper II nitrate)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Kinetic theory of matter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of heat on hydrated cobalt(II) chloride
- Compare changes in different hydrated salts
- Identify characteristics of temporary chemical changes

- Heat cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Observe colour change from pink to blue
- Collect water vapour
- Add water to anhydrous salt
- Observe colour change and heat evolution

How do hydrated salts behave when heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 15
- Cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Test-tubes
- Droppers
- Water
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 17
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Test-tube
- Test-tube holder
- Cotton wool
- Weighing balance
- Glowing splint
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 19
- Copper(II) nitrate
holder
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Beakers
- Ink
- Digital resources
- Animations

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Comparative analysis

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Heating curve
Physical and Chemical Changes - Boiling and melting points of pure substances
Physical and Chemical Changes - Effects of impurities on boiling and melting points
Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (freezing)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw and interpret a heating curve
- Explain changes during heating
- Identify melting and boiling points

- Carry out experiments to plot heating curve
- Draw the heating curve
- Discuss trends on the curve
- Identify phase changes on the curve

What does a heating curve tell us about state changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beaker
- Ice
- Heat source
- Stopwatch
- Graph paper
- Beakers
- Water
- Thermometers
- Salt
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 22
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- Pictures

- Graph drawing - Interpretation exercise - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (evaporation and condensation)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (sublimation)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Review physical and chemical changes
Physical and Chemical Changes - Assessment and remedial work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of evaporation in drying clothes
- Describe condensation in misting of car windows
- Relate state changes to weather phenomena

- Discuss drying of clothes in sun
- Explain misting of car windows
- Discuss formation of clouds and fog
- Research other applications

How do evaporation and condensation occur in our environment?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Charts showing water cycle
- Air fresheners
- Reference books
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Charts
- Assessment papers
- Practical materials
- Remedial worksheets

- Class discussion - Written report - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Extension activities and projects
Classes of Fire - Causes of fire in nature
Classes of Fire - The fire triangle
Classes of Fire - Class A fire (ordinary combustibles)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge to advanced tasks
- Conduct independent research
- Develop higher order thinking skills

- Assign project on applications of state changes
- Research emerging technologies using state changes
- Present creative projects
- Peer review

How can we apply our knowledge of state changes creatively?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Project materials
- Internet access
- Presentation tools
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Reference books
- Fire safety charts
- Pictures of different fires
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Charts
- Digital resources
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 70
- Fire extinguisher charts
- Safety demonstration materials

- Project assessment - Peer review - Presentation skills

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Practicing control of Class A fire
Classes of Fire - Class B fire (flammable liquids)
Classes of Fire - Practicing control of Class B fire
Classes of Fire - Class C fire (electrical)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate control of Class A fires
- Apply correct fire control methods
- Observe safety precautions

- Set up controlled Class A fire using paper, wood, cloth
- Practice using water to extinguish fire
- Practice using sand to extinguish fire
- Observe safety distance
- Discuss effectiveness

How effective are water and sand in controlling Class A fires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 73
- Small metallic bins
- Old newspapers
- Dry wood
- Bucket of water
- Bucket of sand
- Fire extinguisher
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 71
- Fire safety charts
- Pictures of Class B fires
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 74
- Methylated spirit
- Metallic tray
- Test-tube
- Sand
- Water
- Fire extinguisher type ABC
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 72
- Pictures of electrical fires
- Electrical safety materials

- Practical demonstration - Safety compliance - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class D fire (combustible metals)
Classes of Fire - Class K fire (cooking oils and fats)
Classes of Fire - Use of fire extinguishers (PASS method)
Classes of Fire - Fire safety communication and signage
Classes of Fire - Fire safety in schools and public buildings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify combustible metals
- Explain special nature of Class D fires
- Describe appropriate control measures

- Identify combustible metals (magnesium, sodium, potassium)
- Discuss where they occur (laboratories)
- Explain why water cannot be used
- Learn about Class D extinguishers and dry sand

What makes Class D fires different from other classes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 72
- Pictures of metal fires
- Safety charts
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 73
- Kitchen fire safety materials
- Baking soda
- Fire safety videos
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 75
- Fire extinguishers (various types)
- Fire safety charts
- Instructional videos
- Practice extinguisher
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 78
- Fire safety posters
- Hazard symbols
- Manila paper
- Markers
- School fire safety plan
- Fire exit maps
- Fire drill procedures

- Class discussion - Written assignment - Safety protocol

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Handling and storage of flammable materials
Classes of Fire - Information on flammable substance labels
Classes of Fire - Dangers of fires and mitigation strategies
Classes of Fire - Project: Creating fire safety awareness materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safe handling of flammable substances
- Describe proper storage of flammable materials
- Read and interpret safety labels

- Research safe handling procedures
- Study storage requirements for flammables
- Read labels on flammable containers
- Discuss spillage prevention
- Learn about disposal methods

How should flammable materials be handled and stored safely?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 80
- Flammable substance labels
- Safety data sheets
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Labels from various products
- Magnifying glass
- Safety symbols chart
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Fire safety videos
- Reference materials
- Case studies
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69-80
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Colored pencils
- Sample posters

- Research report - Label interpretation - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Role of oxygen in combustion
Classes of Fire - Breaking the fire triangle
Classes of Fire - Review and assessment
Classes of Fire - Remedial work and extension activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of oxygen in combustion
- Demonstrate oxygen supports burning
- Relate oxygen supply to fire spread

- Light candle and observe burning in air
- Invert jar over burning candle
- Observe candle burning in oxygen-rich environment
- Discuss relationship between oxygen and fire intensity

What role does oxygen play in combustion and spread of fire?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 66
- Candles
- Gas jars
- Matches
- Oxygen source
- Clamp and stand
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Demonstration materials
- Manila paper
- Markers
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69-80
- Revision worksheets
- Fire safety scenarios
- Assessment papers
- Remedial worksheets
- Extension materials
- Internet access
- Project resources

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Written explanation

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Forms of energy in nature
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation in daily activities
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation in daily activities
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation in daily activities
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation in daily activities
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation in daily activities
Transformation of Energy - Applications in day-to-day life
Transformation of Energy - Applications in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify various forms of energy in nature
- Describe different forms of energy observed in the environment
- Appreciate the presence of energy in daily life

- Discuss the meaning of energy and its various forms
- Observe and identify forms of energy in nature from photographs and real-life situations
- Study images showing thermal, radiant, chemical, nuclear, electrical, and mechanical energy
- Record observations on different forms of energy

What are the different forms of energy we encounter in nature?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Photographs showing energy forms
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 140
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Videos on energy transformation
- Matchbox and sticks
- Safety guidelines
- First aid kit
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 141
- Connecting wires
- Bulb, cell, switch
- Circuit diagram materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 142
- Hammer, nails
- Wooden blocks
- Safety goggles
- Balls of different materials
- Measuring tape
- Recording materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 143
- Catapult, rubber strips
- Marble, spring
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 144
- Pictures of heating appliances
- Videos on power generation

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Applications in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electrical to light energy transformation
- Explain how bulbs and LEDs work
- Appreciate efficient lighting technologies

- Observe different types of bulbs and LEDs
- Discuss energy transformation in lighting devices
- Compare efficiency of different lighting technologies
- Search for information on Light Emitting Diodes

What makes LEDs more efficient than traditional bulbs?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 144
- Different types of bulbs
- LEDs
- Digital resources
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 145
- Loudspeaker
- Microphone
- Digital devices
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 146
- Solar panel samples
- Internet access
- Different types of cells
- Reference books

- Observation - Comparison charts - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Applications in day-to-day life
Transformation of Energy - Safety measures and dangers
Transformation of Energy - Safety measures and dangers
Transformation of Energy - Safety measures and dangers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create a mind map of energy transformations
- Synthesize knowledge on various energy transformations
- Appreciate the interconnectedness of energy forms

- Draw a comprehensive mind map showing energy transformations
- Link different appliances to their energy transformations
- Present mind maps to class
- Discuss relationships between energy forms

How are different energy transformations related?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 144
- Chart paper
- Markers
- Reference materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 147
- Digital devices
- Videos on road safety
- Reference books
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 148
- Ear protection samples
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 149
- Protective goggles
- Videos on welding
- Safety guidelines

- Mind maps - Presentations - Peer assessment

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Safety measures and dangers
Transformation of Energy - Review and assessment
Pressure - Meaning of pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electromagnetic radiation from communication masts
- Explain safe distances for installations
- Show concern for health and safety

- Discuss electromagnetic waves from communication masts
- Study safe installation practices
- Observe communication equipment locations
- Research on radiation safety

Why are communication masts installed away from homes?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 149
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 150
- Fire safety equipment
- Safety posters
- Reference books
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 139-150
- Assessment papers
- Project materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 152
- Pencils
- Sponge materials

- Research presentations - Oral questions - Written tests

Force and Energy

Pressure - Meaning of pressure
Pressure - Pressure in solids
Pressure - Pressure in solids
Pressure - Pressure in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive the formula for pressure
- Calculate pressure using P=F/A
- Show competence in solving pressure problems

- Use bottles and sponge to demonstrate pressure
- Observe compression with different surface areas
- Derive the formula P = F/A
- Solve numerical problems on pressure

How do we calculate pressure?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 154
- Plastic bottles
- Sponge materials
- Calculators
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 156
- Nails, hammer
- Wooden blocks
- Safety goggles
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 157
- Bucket, sand
- Brick, sponge
- Cloth pads
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 158
- Balloons, tubes
- Plastic bottles with holes
- Water source

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Pressure - Determining pressure in solids
Pressure - Determining pressure in liquids
Pressure - Pressure and depth in liquids
Pressure - Deriving the formula P=hρg

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure dimensions of a solid
- Calculate pressure exerted by a brick
- Show competence in pressure calculations

- Measure length, width, height of brick
- Calculate areas of different faces
- Determine mass and weight of brick
- Calculate pressure for each face

How do we determine pressure exerted by a solid object?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 159
- Rectangular brick
- Meter rule
- Weighing balance
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 160
- Measuring cylinder
- Weighing scale
- Water, calculators
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 161
- Plastic bottles
- Iron nail
- Water source
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 162
- Reference books
- Charts
- Calculators

- Calculations - Written tests - Practical assessment

Force and Energy

Pressure - Solving numerical problems
Pressure - Applications in sharp tools
Pressure - Applications in wide surfaces
Pressure - Applications in nature
Pressure - Applications in medical procedures
Pressure - Applications in water supply
Pressure - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply the formula P=hρg to solve problems
- Calculate pressure using different methods
- Show competence in pressure calculations

- Solve problems on rectangular vessels with water
- Calculate volume, mass, weight, and pressure
- Compare results from different formulas
- Practice additional numerical problems

How do we solve pressure problems using P=hρg?

- KLB Bk 8 pg. 163
- Calculators
- Practice questions
- Reference materials
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 166
- Knives, scissors
- Needles, nails
- Digital resources
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 167
- Pictures of trucks
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 168
- Pictures of animals
- Reference books
- Pictures of IV setups
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 169
- Pictures of water tanks
- KLB Bk 8 pg. 152-169
- Assessment papers

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Peer assessment