REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart
text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Detailed discussion.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
text book

PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.
To draw and label a typical seed.
To state the functions of the parts of a seed.

Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.
Students examine external structure of bean seeds and maize seeds.
Teacher assists them to identify the parts of the seeds.
Drawing and labeling the seeds.

text book
Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178
KLB BK III. P. 136 CERTIFICATE PG 182

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Seed germination.
Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of seed germination.
To investigate conditions necessary for germination.
To explain conditions necessary for germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens.
Discuss the observations.

Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.
Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III.
P 140. CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

Brief discussion.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.
text book

KLB BK III. P 143 CERTIFICATE PG 186

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain role of hormones in growth of plants.

Discuss the role of IAA, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid e.t.c, in plant growth.

text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 147 CERTIFICATE PG 190

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS

Role of hormones in insect growth.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify hormones that promotes insect growth.
Explain genetic and environmental causes of variation. Describe role of meiosis, fertilization and mutations in creating variation.

Exposition and explanations.
Exposition on sources of variation. Discussion on independent assortment during meiosis. Examples of environmental effects on phenotypes.

text book
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots

KLB BK III. PP. 148-149. CERTIFICATE PG 199
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 4-5

GENETICS

Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe chromosome behaviour during meiosis. Explain crossing over and reduction division. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Continuation of chromosome modeling using threads. Demonstration of reduction division. Discussion on gamete formation.

Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 8-9

GENETICS

Mendel's Experiments and First Law
Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mendel's experiments with garden peas. State Mendel's first law of inheritance. Explain reasons for Mendel's success.

Q/A on Mendel's work. Detailed discussion of pea plant experiments using chalkboard diagrams. Analysis of F1 and F2 results.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 13-15

GENETICS

Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw genetic cross diagrams. Use punnet squares to show genetic crosses. Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Step-by-step construction of genetic crosses on chalkboard. Practice with punnet squares. Student exercises on genetic problems.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 17-18

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems
Incomplete Dominance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.
Solve genetic problems involving complete dominance. Analyze inheritance patterns in garden peas. Practice genetic calculations.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.
Worked examples of genetic problems on chalkboard. Practice sessions with various characteristics. Group problem-solving.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 20-21

GENETICS

ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain multiple alleles concept. Describe ABO blood group inheritance. Understand co-dominance in blood groups. Solve blood group problems.

Detailed explanation of blood group genetics on chalkboard. Genetic crosses involving blood group inheritance. Practice problems and paternity cases.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 24-25

GENETICS

Sex Determination
Gene Linkage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex determination in humans and other animals. Explain XX/XY sex determination systems. Calculate probability of male/female offspring.

Exposition on sex chromosomes using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for sex determination. Comparison with other animals.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 26-27

GENETICS

Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sex-linked inheritance patterns. Explain color blindness inheritance. Construct and analyze pedigree charts.

Detailed exposition on X-linked inheritance using chalkboard. Genetic crosses for color blindness. Drawing simple pedigree charts.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 28-30

GENETICS

Crossing Over and Recombination
Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain crossing over during meiosis. Understand how crossing over affects linkage. Describe formation of new gene combinations.
Define chromosomal mutations. Explain non-disjunction during meiosis. Describe Down's syndrome and other chromosome disorders.

Detailed explanation of crossing over using simple diagrams. Examples of recombinant offspring drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on genetic variation.
Exposition on non-disjunction using chalkboard diagrams. Drawing normal vs abnormal chromosome sets. Discussion on genetic disorders.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Page 31
KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 32-35

GENETICS

Gene Mutations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene mutations. Describe insertion, deletion, substitution and inversion. Explain effects on protein synthesis using analogies.

Detailed exposition on point mutations using simple examples. Use SMS text analogies for mutations. Discussion on protein changes.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 36-38

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Albinism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe albinism inheritance. Explain enzyme deficiency in albinism. Calculate inheritance probabilities. Draw genetic crosses.

Case study of albinism using chalkboard diagrams. Genetic crosses for albinism inheritance. Discussion on carrier parents and affected children.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 38-40

GENETICS

Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Applications of Genetics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe sickle cell anaemia inheritance. Explain hemoglobin differences. Understand sickle cell trait vs disease.

Exposition on sickle cell genetics using diagrams. Comparison of normal and sickle cell hemoglobin. Genetic crosses and probabilities.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard
Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 40-42