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| WK | LSN | TOPIC | SUB-TOPIC | OBJECTIVES | T/L ACTIVITIES | T/L AIDS | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 |
Thin Lenses
|
The Human Eye
Defects of Vision |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera |
Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences
|
Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts
Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32
|
|
| 1 | 3 |
Thin Lenses
Electromagnetic Spectrum |
The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments |
Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass
|
Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35
|
|
| 1 | 4 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations |
Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations
|
Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82
|
|
| 1 | 5 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
|
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications |
Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications
|
X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts
|
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84
|
|
| 2 | 1-2 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Induction |
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II
Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking Hazards and Safety Considerations Introduction and Historical Background |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain applications of ultraviolet radiation; Describe uses of visible light in technology; Understand infrared applications in heating and imaging; Analyze microwave applications in cooking and radar; Discuss radio wave applications in communication Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use |
Q/A on high-energy radiation applications; Study of UV applications (fluorescence, sterilization, vitamin D, forgery detection); Analysis of visible light uses (photography, optical fibers, lasers); Exploration of infrared applications (heating, night vision, remote controls); Discussion of microwave and radio wave technologies
Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) |
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices
Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-85
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85 |
|
| 2 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor; Identify conditions necessary for inducing e.m.f. in a straight conductor; Observe effects of different types of motion on induced current; Understand the importance of relative motion between conductor and magnetic field; Analyze galvanometer deflections |
Performance of Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor AB in U-shaped magnet; Systematic investigation of conductor movement (vertical up/down, parallel to field, stationary, different angles); Observation and recording of galvanometer deflections; Analysis of current direction changes with motion reversal; Discussion of relative motion importance and field cutting concept
|
Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets
Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86-87
|
|
| 2 | 4 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations |
Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications
|
Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis
|
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89
|
|
| 2 | 5 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.3 investigating magnetic field strength effects; Understand relationship between field strength and induced e.m.f.; Control variables in electromagnetic experiments; Use electromagnets to vary field strength; Apply experimental findings to solve problems |
Performance of Experiment 5.3 investigating relationship between magnetic field strength and induced e.m.f.; Setup of electromagnet with variable current control; Investigation of wire PQ movement in different field strengths; Recording galvanometer deflections for different electromagnet currents; Analysis of results and relationship establishment
|
U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89
|
|
| 3 | 1-2 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule Applications of Induction Laws Mutual Induction |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle Solve Examples 2 and 3 involving current direction; Apply Lenz's law to predict current directions in circuits; Understand induced current effects in neighboring circuits; Analyze changing magnetic fields and their effects; Use both Fleming's rule and Lenz's law in problem solving |
Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions
Q/A review of Fleming's rule and Lenz's law; Step-by-step solution of Example 2 (current in conductor AB affecting nearby loop); Detailed analysis of Example 3 (magnet movement and coil current direction); Practice problems involving current direction prediction; Group work on applying both laws to various scenarios; Discussion of consistency between different methods |
Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts
U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 94-97 |
|
| 3 | 3 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Transformers - Basic Principles
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers |
Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations
|
Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts
|
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102
|
|
| 3 | 4 |
Electromagnetic Induction
|
Transformer Equations and Calculations
Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6 |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Derive transformer turns rule equation; Apply transformer equations for voltage and current relationships; Calculate transformer efficiency; Solve Examples 4 and 5 involving transformer problems; Understand ideal vs practical transformer differences |
Q/A on transformer working principles; Mathematical derivation of turns rule (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns); Development of current relationship (IpVp = IsVs for ideal transformer); Introduction to efficiency calculations; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4 and 5; Discussion of ideal transformer assumptions vs practical limitations
|
Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data
Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 102-105
|
|
| 3 | 5 |
Electromagnetic Induction
Mains Electricity Mains Electricity |
Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils
Sources of Mains Electricity The Grid System and Power Transmission |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain structure and working of A.C. and D.C. generators; Describe moving-coil microphone operation; Understand induction coil structure and applications; Compare slip rings with split ring commutators; Analyze generator output waveforms and applications |
Review of electromagnetic induction in rotating systems; Detailed study of A.C. generator structure and sinusoidal output; Analysis of D.C. generator with split ring commutator; Explanation of moving-coil microphone components and sound conversion; Description of induction coil operation and high voltage generation; Discussion of applications in car ignition systems
|
A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo
Pictures of power stations Charts showing different energy sources Videos of power generation Maps of Kenya's power grid Sample coal, biomass materials Chart of national grid system Transmission line models Maps showing power lines Transformer models Voltage measurement devices |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 108-112
|
|
| 4 | 1-2 |
Mains Electricity
Mains Electricity Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube |
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses
Domestic Wiring System Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing Problem Solving and Applications Thermionic Emission |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain why power is transmitted at high voltage Calculate power losses in transmission State dangers of high voltage transmission Apply the formula P = I²R to transmission problems Define kilowatt-hour (kWh) Calculate electrical energy consumption Determine cost of electrical energy Apply energy formulas to practical problems |
Review of Ohm's law and power formulas
Demonstration of power loss calculations Worked examples on transmission efficiency Discussion on safety measures for transmission lines Group problem-solving activities Review of power and energy concepts Introduction to kilowatt-hour unit Worked examples on energy calculations Practice problems on electricity billing Analysis of electricity bills |
Calculators
Worked example sheets Pictures of transmission towers Safety warning signs Formula charts House wiring components Fuse box model Different types of fuses Electrical cables (samples) Circuit diagrams Multimeter Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A) Circuit breakers Fuse wire samples Electrical appliances Safety equipment samples Three-pin plugs Electrical cables Wire strippers Screwdrivers Ring mains circuit model Color-coded wires Calculators Sample electricity bills Electrical appliances with ratings Stop watches Energy meter model Formula charts Problem sheets Past examination questions Real electricity bills Energy conservation charts Simple thermionic emission apparatus Low voltage power supply (6V) Milliammeter Evacuated glass bulb Heated filament Charts showing electron emission |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 118-121
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 125-128 |
|
| 4 | 3 |
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
|
Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope CRO Controls and Operation CRO as a Voltmeter |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe how cathode rays are produced State the properties of cathode rays Explain evidence that cathode rays are streams of electrons Demonstrate properties using simple experiments |
Review of thermionic emission
Description of cathode ray tube construction Demonstration of cathode ray properties Experiments showing straight line travel and shadow formation Discussion on deflection by electric and magnetic fields |
Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT) Fluorescent screen Maltese cross or opaque object Bar magnets Charged plates CRO (demonstration model) Charts showing CRO structure Diagrams of electron gun Models of deflection plates High voltage power supply Working CRO Signal generator Connecting leads Various input signals Time base control charts Oscilloscope manual DC power supplies AC signal sources Digital voltmeter Graph paper Calculators |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-133
|
|
| 4 | 4 |
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
X-Rays |
Frequency Measurement using CRO
The Television Tube Problem Solving and Applications Production of X-Rays |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Measure frequency of AC signals using CRO Calculate period and frequency from CRO traces Apply the relationship f = 1/T Determine peak voltage of AC signals |
Review of voltage measurement with CRO
Demonstration of AC signal display on CRO Measurement of wavelength and period Calculation of frequency from time base setting Practice problems on frequency determination |
Working CRO with time base
Audio frequency generator Connecting leads Graph paper for measurements Calculators Stop watch TV tube (demonstration model) Deflection coils TV receiver (old CRT type) Charts comparing TV and CRO Color TV tube diagram Problem-solving worksheets Sample CRO traces Past examination questions Graph paper Reference materials Charts showing X-ray tube structure Diagram of X-ray production process Models of rotating anode Pictures of medical X-ray equipment Video clips of X-ray tube operation |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 139-141
|
|
| 4 | 5 |
X-Rays
|
Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts
Hard and Soft X-Rays Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
State the properties of X-rays Explain X-rays as electromagnetic radiation Calculate the energy of X-rays using E = hf Relate X-ray energy to accelerating voltage |
Review of X-ray production
Demonstration of X-ray properties using simulations Calculation of X-ray energy and frequency Problem-solving on energy-voltage relationships Comparison with other electromagnetic radiations |
Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart Energy calculation worksheets Constants and formulae charts Sample X-ray images Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays Penetration demonstration materials Voltage control diagrams Medical X-ray examples Industrial X-ray applications Medical X-ray images CT scan pictures Industrial radiography examples Crystal diffraction patterns Airport security equipment photos Charts of various X-ray applications |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 145-147
|
|
| 5 | 1-2 |
X-Rays
Photoelectric Effect Photoelectric Effect |
Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions
Problem Solving and Applications Review Demonstration and Introduction to Photoelectric Effect Light Energy and Quantum Theory Einstein's Photoelectric Equation and Work Function Factors Affecting Photoelectric Effect Applications of Photoelectric Effect |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain the dangers of X-ray exposure Describe cumulative effects of radiation State safety precautions for X-ray workers Explain protective measures in X-ray facilities State Einstein's photoelectric equation Define work function and threshold frequency Explain the relationship between photon energy and kinetic energy Calculate work function and threshold frequency for different metals |
Q&A on X-ray applications
Discussion on biological effects of X-rays Explanation of radiation protection principles Description of lead shielding and protective equipment Analysis of safety protocols in medical facilities Q&A on quantum theory and photon energy Derivation of Einstein's photoelectric equation Explanation of work function concept Worked examples using Einstein's equation Analysis of work function table for various metals |
Safety equipment samples (lead aprons)
Radiation warning signs Pictures of X-ray protection facilities Dosimeter badges Charts showing radiation effects Safety protocol posters Calculators Problem-solving worksheets Past examination questions Real X-ray case studies Modern X-ray technology articles Assessment materials UV lamp (mercury vapor) Zinc plate Gold leaf electroscope Glass barrier Metal plates Galvanometer Connecting wires Electromagnetic spectrum chart Planck's constant reference Worked example sheets Wave equation materials Color filters Work function data table Einstein's equation reference Calculators Metal samples (theoretical) Energy level diagrams Problem-solving worksheets Experimental setup diagrams Graph paper Stopping potential data Frequency vs energy graphs Different metal characteristics Photoemissive cell samples Light-dependent resistor (LDR) Solar panel demonstration Application circuit diagrams Conveyor belt counting model Burglar alarm circuit |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 149
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 153-156 |
|
| 5 | 3 |
Photoelectric Effect
Radioactivity Radioactivity Radioactivity |
Problem Solving and Applications Review
Atomic Structure and Nuclear Notation Nuclear Stability and Discovery of Radioactivity Types of Radiations |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving photoelectric equations Calculate threshold wavelength and frequency Determine stopping potential and kinetic energy Apply photoelectric principles to real-world scenarios |
Review of all photoelectric effect concepts
Comprehensive problem-solving sessions Analysis of examination-type questions Discussion on modern photoelectric applications Assessment and evaluation exercises |
Calculators
Comprehensive problem sets Past examination questions Constants and formulae sheets Graph paper Assessment materials Atomic structure models Periodic table Nuclear notation examples Isotope charts Atomic structure diagrams Element samples (safe) Historical pictures of scientists Stability curve graph Nuclear stability charts Uranium compound samples (pictures) Photographic plate demonstrations Magnetic field demonstration setup Radiation source (simulation) Lead box model Nuclear equation examples Property comparison charts Deflection diagrams |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 151-163
|
|
| 5 | 4 |
Radioactivity
|
Alpha and Beta Decay Processes
Penetrating Power of Radiations Ionising Effects of Radiations |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Write nuclear equations for alpha decay Write nuclear equations for beta decay Calculate changes in mass and atomic numbers Solve problems involving radioactive decay chains |
Review of radiation types and properties
Step-by-step writing of alpha decay equations Practice with beta decay equation writing Problem-solving on decay processes Analysis of decay chain examples |
Nuclear equation worksheets
Decay chain diagrams Calculators Periodic table Practice problem sets Worked examples Absorber materials (paper, aluminum, lead) Radiation detector simulation Absorption curve graphs Range measurement diagrams Safety equipment models Penetration demonstration setup Ionization chamber models Ion formation diagrams Comparison charts of ionizing power Air molecule models Energy transfer illustrations Ionization applications examples |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 168-170
|
|
| 5 | 5 |
Radioactivity
|
Radiation Detectors - Photographic Emulsions and Cloud Chambers
Geiger-Muller Tube and Background Radiation Decay Law and Mathematical Treatment |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe how photographic emulsions detect radiation Explain the working of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers Interpret radiation tracks in cloud chambers Compare detection methods and their applications |
Q&A on ionization effects
Explanation of photographic detection principles Description of cloud chamber construction and operation Analysis of different track patterns Comparison of detection method advantages |
Photographic film samples
Cloud chamber diagrams Track pattern examples Dry ice demonstration setup Alcohol vapor materials Detection comparison charts G-M tube model/diagram High voltage supply diagrams Pulse amplification illustrations Background radiation source charts Count rate measurement examples Cosmic ray detection materials Mathematical formula charts Decay curve examples Calculators Exponential function graphs Statistical concepts illustrations Decay constant calculations |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 172-175
|
|
| 6 | 1-2 |
Radioactivity
|
Half-life Calculations and Applications
Applications of Radioactivity - Carbon Dating and Medicine Industrial and Agricultural Applications Hazards of Radiation and Safety Precautions |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define half-life of radioactive materials Calculate half-life from experimental data Use half-life in decay calculations Plot and interpret decay graphs Describe industrial uses of radioactivity Explain thickness gauging and flaw detection Analyze agricultural applications with tracers Evaluate leak detection methods |
Review of decay law and mathematical concepts
Explanation of half-life concept with examples Practice calculations using half-life formula Graph plotting and interpretation exercises Problem-solving with half-life applications Review of medical applications Explanation of industrial thickness measurement Description of weld testing and flaw detection Discussion on radioactive tracers in agriculture Analysis of pipe leak detection methods |
Graph paper
Calculators Half-life data tables Decay curve examples Sample calculation problems Radioactive material half-life charts Carbon dating examples Archaeological samples (pictures) Medical radioisotope charts Gamma ray therapy illustrations Dating calculation worksheets Medical application diagrams Industrial thickness gauge models Flaw detection examples Tracer experiment diagrams Agricultural application charts Leak detection illustrations Industrial radiography samples Safety equipment samples Radiation warning signs Protective clothing examples Lead shielding materials Dosimeter badges Safety protocol posters |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 178-181
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182 |
|
| 6 | 3 |
Radioactivity
|
Nuclear Fission Process and Chain Reactions
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define nuclear fission Describe the fission of uranium-235 Explain chain reactions and critical mass Analyze energy release in nuclear fission |
Review of radiation safety concepts
Explanation of nuclear fission mechanism Description of uranium-235 bombardment and splitting Analysis of chain reaction development Discussion on controlled vs uncontrolled reactions |
Nuclear fission diagrams
Chain reaction illustrations Uranium nucleus models Neutron bombardment demonstrations Energy release calculations Nuclear reactor pictures |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 183-184
|
|
| 6 | 4 |
Radioactivity
Electronics |
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Applications
Comprehensive Review and Problem Solving Introduction to Electronics and Energy Band Theory |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define nuclear fusion Explain fusion reactions in light nuclei Compare fusion and fission energy release Describe fusion applications and challenges |
Q&A on nuclear fission and chain reactions
Explanation of nuclear fusion principles Analysis of hydrogen isotope fusion reactions Comparison of fusion vs fission advantages Discussion on stellar fusion and fusion reactors |
Nuclear fusion reaction diagrams
Stellar fusion illustrations Fusion reactor concepts Energy comparison charts Temperature and pressure requirement data Fusion research pictures Calculators Comprehensive problem sets Past examination questions Nuclear data tables Assessment materials Reference books Electronic devices samples Energy level diagrams Band theory charts Atomic structure models Crystal lattice illustrations Energy band comparison charts |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 184
|
|
| 6 | 5 |
Electronics
|
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
Intrinsic Semiconductors and Crystal Structure Doping Process and Extrinsic Semiconductors |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Classify materials as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators Explain energy band diagrams for different materials Compare forbidden energy gaps in different materials Relate band structure to electrical conductivity |
Review of energy band theory concepts
Drawing and comparing energy band diagrams Analysis of energy gap differences Demonstration of conductivity differences Discussion on temperature effects on conductivity |
Material samples (metals, semiconductors, insulators)
Energy band diagrams for each type Conductivity measurement setup Temperature effect illustrations Comparison charts Multimeter for resistance testing Silicon crystal models Covalent bonding diagrams Semiconductor samples Crystal lattice structures Electron-hole illustrations Temperature demonstration materials Doping process diagrams Pure vs doped semiconductor samples Impurity atom models Conductivity comparison charts Doping concentration illustrations Electronic structure diagrams |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 187-189
|
|
| 7 | 1-2 |
Electronics
|
n-type Semiconductors
p-type Semiconductors Fixed Ions and Charge Carrier Movement The p-n Junction Formation Biasing the p-n Junction Semiconductor Diode Characteristics |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe formation of n-type semiconductors Identify pentavalent donor atoms Explain majority and minority charge carriers Analyze charge neutrality in n-type materials Define forward and reverse biasing Explain current flow in forward bias Analyze high resistance in reverse bias Describe potential barrier changes with biasing |
Q&A on doping processes
Detailed explanation of pentavalent atom doping Drawing n-type semiconductor structure Analysis of electron as majority carrier Discussion on electrical neutrality maintenance Q&A on p-n junction formation Demonstration of forward biasing setup Explanation of reverse biasing configuration Analysis of current flow differences Description of barrier height changes |
n-type semiconductor models
Pentavalent atom diagrams Charge carrier illustrations Donor atom examples (phosphorus, arsenic) Majority/minority carrier charts Crystal structure with impurities p-type semiconductor models Trivalent atom diagrams Hole formation illustrations Acceptor atom examples (boron, gallium) Comparison charts Crystal structure with acceptor atoms Fixed ion diagrams Charge mobility illustrations Thermal excitation models Electric field effect demonstrations Carrier movement animations Temperature effect charts p-n junction models Diffusion process diagrams Depletion layer illustrations Potential barrier graphs Junction formation animations Electric field diagrams Biasing circuit diagrams Forward bias demonstration setup Reverse bias configuration Current flow illustrations Barrier potential graphs Bias voltage sources Actual diodes (various types) Diode characteristic curve graphs Voltmeter and ammeter Variable voltage source Circuit breadboard Graph plotting materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 190-191
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 193-194 |
|
| 7 | 3 |
Electronics
|
Diode Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving
Rectification - Half-wave and Full-wave |
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Solve circuits containing ideal diodes Analyze diode states (conducting/non-conducting) Calculate current and voltage in diode circuits Apply diode characteristics to practical problems |
Q&A on diode characteristics
Analysis of simple diode circuits Problem-solving with ideal diode assumption Determination of diode states in circuits Practice with circuit calculations |
Circuit analysis worksheets
Diode circuit examples Calculators Circuit simulation software Problem-solving guides Worked example sheets Rectifier circuit diagrams AC signal generator Oscilloscope for waveform display Transformer (center-tapped) Bridge rectifier circuit Load resistors |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 196-197
|
|
| 7 | 4 |
Electronics
|
Smoothing Circuits and Applications Review
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain capacitor smoothing in rectifiers Analyze ripple reduction techniques Evaluate rectifier efficiency and applications Apply electronics principles to solve complex problems |
Q&A on rectification processes
Demonstration of capacitor smoothing effect Analysis of ripple factor and efficiency Discussion on practical rectifier applications Comprehensive problem-solving session |
Smoothing capacitors
Ripple waveform displays Efficiency calculation sheets Power supply applications Comprehensive problem sets Assessment materials |
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 200-201
|
|
| 8 |
Midterm Break |
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| 11-13 |
Pre Mock Exam |
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