Linear Motion

Introduction to Linear Motion and Basic Concepts
Speed and Velocity Calculations
Acceleration and Equations of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities
-State the SI units for distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Explain the difference between distance and displacement using examples

Q/A on types of motion students observe daily
-Demonstration of linear motion using trolley on runway
-Discussion on difference between distance and displacement using school compound examples
-Drawing diagrams to show distance vs displacement
-Practical activity: Students walk different paths between two points to measure distance vs displacement

Trolley
-Runway/metre rule
-Chalk for marking
-Charts showing motion types
-School compound map
-Measuring tape
Speedometer (if available)
-Stopwatches
-Calculator
-Worked examples charts
-School field for practical work
-Inclined plane
-Stopwatch
-Metre rules
-Chart showing equation derivations
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 1-4

Linear Motion
Refraction of Light

Motion-Time Graphs (Distance-Time and Speed-Time)
Velocity-Time Graphs and Acceleration
Measuring Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Using Ticker-Timer
Motion Under Gravity - Free Fall
Horizontal Projection and Determining g Using Simple Pendulum
Introduction to Refraction and Basic Phenomena
Laws of Refraction and Snell's Law
Absolute and Relative Refractive Index
Real and Apparent Depth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot distance-time graphs for different types of motion
-Interpret distance-time and speed-time graphs
-Calculate speed from distance-time graphs
-Determine distance travelled from speed-time graphs using area under curve
State the two laws of refraction
-Define refractive index and state its symbol
-Apply Snell's law: sin i/sin r = constant
-Understand that incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data

Review equations of motion through Q/A
-Demonstration using trolley with different speeds
-Plotting distance-time graphs for: stationary body, uniform speed, variable speed
-Plotting speed-time graphs for different motions
-Students practice graph plotting and interpretation
-Calculating areas under graphs
Review refraction phenomena through Q/A
-Experiment: investigating refraction through glass block
-Measuring angles of incidence and refraction
-Plotting graph of sin i against sin r
-Derivation and application of Snell's law
-Worked examples calculating refractive index
-Discussion on significance of constant ratio

Graph paper
-Rulers
-Trolley
-Stopwatch
-Metre rules
-Charts showing different graph types
-Data tables for plotting
-Inclined plane
-Charts showing v-t graphs
-Calculator
-Sample data sets
Ticker-timer
-Ticker-tape
-Runway
-Power supply
-Scissors
-Cellotape
-Graph paper
Various objects for dropping
-Measuring tape
-Safety equipment
-Charts showing free fall
-Worked examples on board
Ball
-Table
-Simple pendulum setup
-Strings of different lengths
-Masses
-Clamp and stand
Glass blocks
-Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Sticks/pencils
-Pins
-White paper
-Ray box (if available)
-Charts showing refraction examples
Glass blocks
-Pins
-Protractor
-Ruler
-White paper
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ray box
-Soft board
-Drawing pins
Calculator
-Charts showing refractive indices
-Worked examples
-Reference tables
-Different transparent materials
-Speed of light reference chart
Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Rulers
-Travelling microscope (if available)
-Glass blocks
-Colored chalk dust
-Measuring cylinders

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 5-13
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 35-39

Refraction of Light

Experimental Determination of Refractive Index
Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Applications of Total Internal Reflection - Optical Devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe methods to determine refractive index experimentally
-Use real and apparent depth method
-Apply pin method for refractive index determination
-Use no-parallax method
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data
-Discuss sources of error and precautions

Q/A on real and apparent depth concepts
-Experiment 1: Real and apparent depth using pins
-Experiment 2: Glass block method using pins
-Experiment 3: No-parallax method with water
-Data collection and analysis
-Plotting graphs where applicable
-Discussion on experimental errors and improvements

Glass blocks
-Pins
-Cork holders
-Beakers
-Water
-Rulers
-White paper
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Measuring tape
Semi-circular glass block
-Ray box
-Protractor
-Charts showing TIR
-Different transparent blocks
45° prisms
-Periscope model
-Optical fiber samples
-Mirrors for comparison
-Transparent containers
-Charts showing optical instruments
-Binoculars (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 48-51

Refraction of Light
Newton's Laws of Motion

Mirage and Atmospheric Refraction
Dispersion of White Light
Recombination of Spectrum and Problem Solving
Newton's First Law and Inertia
Momentum and its Applications
Newton's Second Law of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of mirage using refraction principles
-Describe atmospheric refraction effects
-Understand continuous refraction in varying density media
-Explain why sun appears above horizon after sunset
-Discuss polar mirages and their formation
State Newton's first law of motion
-Define inertia and relate it to mass
-Explain the concept of balanced and unbalanced forces
-Give examples of Newton's first law in daily life
-Understand the need for seat belts and safety devices

Review TIR applications through Q/A
-Demonstration of refraction in liquids of different densities
-Explanation of hot air effects on light path
-Discussion on desert mirages and road mirages
-Atmospheric refraction effects on sun position
-Analysis of continuous refraction in varying media
-Drawing ray diagrams for mirage formation
Q/A review on forces from previous studies
-Demonstration: cardboard and coin experiment
-Demonstration: hitting bottom coin from stack
-Discussion on inertia and its relationship to mass
-Explanation of seat belts and safety devices in vehicles
-Analysis of forces acting on aircraft in flight

Liquids of different densities
-Transparent containers
-Heat source (safe)
-Charts showing mirage formation
-Diagrams of atmospheric refraction
-Pictures of mirages
-Ray diagrams
Triangular glass prism
-White light source
-Screen
-Ray box
-CD/DVD
-White paper
-Ruler
-Charts showing spectrum
-Pictures of rainbows
Second triangular prism
-Concave mirror
-Newton's disc
-Motor (for spinning disc)
-Calculator
-Past exam papers
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Review charts
-All previous apparatus for revision
Cardboard
-Glass tumbler
-Coins
-Charts showing aircraft forces
-Pictures of safety devices
-Demonstration materials
-Balance
Calculator
-Toy cars of different masses
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets
Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Runway
-Elastic cords
-Masses
-Calculator
-Force diagrams
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 55-56
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 65-67

Newton's Laws of Motion

Experimental Verification of Newton's Second Law
Impulse and Change in Momentum
Newton's Third Law of Motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate relationship between force and acceleration
-Investigate relationship between mass and acceleration
-Verify F = ma experimentally
-Analyze ticker-tape results
-Draw conclusions from experimental data

Review F = ma through Q/A
-Experiment: Force vs acceleration (constant mass)
-Experiment: Mass vs acceleration (constant force)
-Analysis of ticker-tape patterns
-Data collection and graph plotting
-Discussion on experimental errors and improvements

Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Ticker tape
-Elastic cords
-Various masses
-Scissors
-Graph paper
-Rulers
-Calculator
Graph paper
-Force-time graph examples
-Charts showing car safety features
-Sports equipment examples
-Worked examples
Books for pressure demonstration
-Spring balances
-Trolleys
-String
-Charts showing action-reaction examples
-Pictures of rockets and jets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 69-71

Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion
Work, Energy, Power and Machines
Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Applications of Newton's Laws - Lifts and Apparent Weight
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Applications of Momentum Conservation - Rockets and Jets
Friction - Types and Laws
Viscosity and Terminal Velocity
Sources of Energy
Forms of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces in accelerating lifts
-Calculate apparent weight in different situations
-Understand weightlessness concept
-Apply Newton's laws to lift problems
-Solve problems involving vertical motion
Define friction and explain its molecular basis
-Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
-State and apply laws of friction
-Understand advantages and disadvantages of friction
-Identify methods of reducing friction

Q/A on Newton's third law
-Analysis of forces in lift moving upward with acceleration
-Analysis of forces in lift moving downward with acceleration
-Calculation of apparent weight in different scenarios
-Discussion on weightlessness in spacecraft
-Problem-solving session on lift problems
Review momentum applications through Q/A
-Demonstration: block on table with increasing force
-Explanation of molecular basis of friction
-Discussion on types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling
-Investigation of factors affecting friction
-Examples of friction in daily life and technology

Spring balance
-Mass
-Lift diagrams
-Calculator
-Free-body diagram charts
-Worked examples
-Problem worksheets
Trolleys
-Plasticine
-Marbles
-Spring balance
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Collision demonstration apparatus
Balloons
-String
-Straws
-Garden sprinkler (if available)
-Charts showing rocket/jet engines
Wooden blocks
-Different surfaces
-Spring balance
-Weights
-Lubricants
-Sandpaper
-Charts showing friction applications
-Ball bearings
Tall measuring cylinder
-Glycerine
-Steel ball bearings
-Water
-Stopwatch
-Rubber bands
-Ruler
-Different viscous liquids
Charts showing energy sources
-Pictures of solar panels, wind mills
-Samples: coal, wood, batteries
-Energy source classification cards
-Local energy examples
-Conservation posters
Battery and bulb
-Moving trolley
-Rubbing blocks for friction
-Electrical appliances
-Tuning fork
-Torch
-Energy forms charts
-Real objects showing energy forms

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 76-78
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 87-90

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Energy Transformation and Conservation
Work and its Calculation
Work with Variable Forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand energy transformations between different forms
-State the law of conservation of energy
-Identify transducers and their functions
-Apply conservation of energy to various situations
-Draw energy transformation diagrams

Q/A on forms of energy
-Demonstration: energy transformations in hydroelectric power
-Examples of transducers: battery, dynamo, solar cell
-Statement and explanation of energy conservation law
-Drawing energy flow diagrams
-Discussion on energy losses and efficiency

Dynamo
-Battery
-Solar cell (if available)
-Charts showing energy transformations
-Transducer examples
-Energy flow diagrams
-Hydroelectric model setup
Spring balance
-Masses
-Trolley
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Force and displacement demonstrations
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets
Graph paper
-Springs
-Force meter
-Ruler
-Force-distance graph examples
-Different shaped area examples
-Demonstration springs

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 96-97

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gravitational Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Power and its Applications
Simple Machines - Introduction and Terminology
Levers - Types and Applications
Pulleys - Fixed and Movable
Inclined Planes and Screws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gravitational potential energy
-Derive P.E. = mgh
-Calculate potential energy at different heights
-Understand reference levels for potential energy
-Solve problems involving potential energy
Define power as rate of doing work
-Calculate power using P = W/t and P = Fv
-State SI unit of power (Watt)
-Understand power ratings of appliances
-Solve problems involving power calculations

Review variable force work through Q/A
-Demonstration: lifting objects to different heights
-Derivation of P.E. = mgh
-Discussion on choice of reference level
-Worked examples on potential energy calculations
-Problem-solving session with gravitational P.E.
Q/A on energy conservation
-Definition of power with examples
-Derivation of P = W/t and P = Fv
-Discussion on power ratings of electrical appliances
-Worked examples on power calculations
-Investigation: measuring power of students climbing stairs

Masses of different sizes
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Height measurement setup
-Worked examples
-Gravitational P.E. charts
Trolleys
-Stopwatch
-Kinetic energy demonstration setup
-Speed measurement apparatus
Simple pendulum setup
-Masses
-Pendulum energy charts
-Conservation examples
-String and bob
Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Electrical appliances for power ratings
-Stairs for practical work
-Power calculation charts
Simple lever setup
-Masses for loads
-Ruler
-Machine terminology charts
-Efficiency calculation examples
Various lever examples
-Rulers
-Masses
-Fulcrum supports
-Lever classification charts
-Daily life lever examples
Pulley blocks
-String
-Pulley arrangements
-Block and tackle setup
-Pulley system diagrams
Inclined plane setup
-Trolley or wooden block
-Protractor
-Screw examples
-Various inclined plane models

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 100-102
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 106-108