FORESTRY

Natural and planted forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 126

FORESTRY

Types of natural forests.
Importance of forests and forests? products.
Problems facing forestry in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe types of natural forests.
State characteristics of trees in particular types of forests.

Q/A & descriptive aPagesroach.

Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.
Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
127-128

FORESTRY
Statistical Methods

Management and conservation of forests.
Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.
Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe management and conservation practices carried out in Kenya.
State the importance of management and conservation of forests.

Discussion: measures taken to manage and conserve forests and their importance.

Map ? location of Canada.
Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
130-131

Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice
Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages
Proportional Circles - Construction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find suitable scale by considering largest and smallest values
Draw outline of each bar with components
Derive comprehensive key and label axes
Insert short and clear title

Exposition of scale selection and construction techniques; Drawing of compound bar graphs with proper shading; Detailed discussion on labeling and titling; Analysis of Fig. 1.1; Practice construction using Table 1.2 Kenya's export crops data

Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data
Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets
Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis
Simple Pie Charts - Construction
Proportional Divided Circles - Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square roots of each set of data
Choose suitable scale for calculating radii
Draw circles using different radii
Make observations about highest and lowest output

Guided discovery of area method using square roots; Calculations using Table 1.6 square root values; Construction practice with area proportional method; Analysis of Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3; Discussion of production trends from 2015-2018

Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data
Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils
Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 4-6

Statistical Methods
Map Work

Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods
Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish contribution of variable in percentage
Identify circles representing total values
Describe nature of variables in segments
Compare circle sizes and segment proportions

Analysis of Fig. 1.4 land use pie chart; Detailed discussion of Fig. 1.5 proportional divided circles; Practice establishing percentage contributions; Oral questions and brief discussion on HIV/AIDS as leading cause; Group work analyzing different pie charts

Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines
Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria
Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 7-9

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types
Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes
Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features
Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples
Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors
Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets
Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

Map Work
External Land Forming Processes

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility
Introduction and Definition of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables
Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39

External Land Forming Processes

Agents of Weathering
Factors Influencing Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations
Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability
Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes

Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects

Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44

External Land Forming Processes

Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness
Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects
Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes
Identify areas where physical weathering is common

Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas

Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation
Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges
Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces
Identify formation of exfoliation domes
Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes

Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5

Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions
Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release
Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks
Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks
Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes
Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks

Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore

Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration
Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify formation of tors through deep weathering processes
Explain biological weathering through plant action
Describe animal contributions to weathering
Analyze human activities causing weathering

Analysis of tor formation using Figure 3.9; Study of examples: Bunyore, Maragoli, Amukura, Taita Hills, Lukenya, Mavoloni; Detailed discussion of tree root action using Figure 3.10; Examination of plant chemical contributions: algae, mosses, lichen; Analysis of animal effects: cattle pressure, burrowing, chemical excretions

Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-58

External Land Forming Processes
Mass Wasting

Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance
Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes
Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries
Identify weathering creating tourist attractions
Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay

Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks

Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples
Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

Mass Wasting

Slow Mass Wasting Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil creep as slow movement involving fine soil particles
Describe scree (talus) creep as angular waste rock movement on mountains
Explain solifluction as gravitational flow of water-saturated materials
Identify triggers, evidence and effects of slow mass wasting processes

Exposition of soil creep using Figure 4.1 showing effects and evidence; Discussion of triggering factors and infrastructure impacts; Study of scree creep using Figure 4.2 from mountain examples; Analysis of solifluction using Figure 4.3 in cold climates; Examples from Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and local areas

Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 54-56

Mass Wasting

Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches
Landslides - Types and Characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe earthflows in humid areas with shallow scars and terminal points
Explain mudflows as super-saturated material with high water content
Define avalanches as gravitational fall of ice and rock material
Analyze factors influencing rapid movements and compare characteristics

Study of earthflows using Figure 4.4; Analysis of mudflow formation, factors and examples from North Eastern Kenya; Discussion of avalanche characteristics in temperate regions; Comparison of movement speeds, water content and locations; Examples from volcanic slopes and arctic regions

Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts
Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-57

Mass Wasting

Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive effects: soil fertility enhancement, tourist attractions, lake creation
Analyze negative effects: property damage, loss of life, soil erosion, permanent scars
Identify research centers and environmental awareness benefits
Study specific disaster examples and environmental conservation strategies

Comprehensive analysis using Figure 4.9 summary of mass wasting types; Discussion of positive effects: Miwa, Chemelil-Muhoroni soil fertility from Nandi Hills; Study of negative effects using Figure 4.10 Murang'a landslide; Analysis of major disasters: Kiina College 1968, Nyeri 1985, Murang'a 2000-2018; Environmental conservation strategies and research opportunities

Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61

The Hydrological Cycle

Introduction and Definition
Input and Output Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hydrological cycle as endless circulation of water from oceans to atmosphere to land
Explain role of sun as energy source driving the cycle
Identify components: inputs, outputs, transfers and storages
Describe hydrological cycle as complete balanced system

Q/A session using questions about water disappearance and return; Discussion of water circulation from sky to land to ocean; Exposition of hydrological cycle definition; Analysis of Figure 5.1 showing complete cycle; Study of system components and energy source

Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts
Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63

The Hydrological Cycle

Internal Transfer Processes
Storage Processes and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain interception as first contact of rain with vegetation
Describe runoff as overland flow when ground cannot absorb water
Define infiltration as vertical water absorption through soil pores
Distinguish percolation as movement through underlying rock layers

Study of interception storage and through fall processes; Analysis of surface storage and ground saturation; Discussion of runoff conditions and overland flow; Examination of infiltration capacity and factors; Study of percolation leading to underground water storage

Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams
Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 65-66

ACTION OF RIVERS

Definition of Terms Related to Rivers
River Erosion Processes
River Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define rivers, source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, watershed, interfluves. Identify components of river systems on maps.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle. Explanation of river terminology with Kenyan examples. Drawing and labeling river system diagrams.

Maps of Kenya, river system charts, textbooks
Water containers, sand, rock samples, demonstration materials
Containers, different sized particles, water, magnifying glasses

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 68-69

ACTION OF RIVERS

Youthful Stage Features
Mature Stage Features
Old Stage Features - Alluvial Fans and Flood Plains
Old Stage Features - Meanders and Ox-bow Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, rapids, gorges, potholes, interlocking spurs. Explain formation through vertical erosion dominance.

Drawing youthful stage features. Discussion of waterfall types with Kenyan examples (Thomson's Falls, Torok Falls). Modeling with clay.

Clay/plasticine, topographical maps, pictures of waterfalls, drawing materials
Comparison charts, cross-section diagrams, colored pencils
Sand, water, modeling trays, maps showing flood plains, diagrams
Stream tables, sand, water, sequential diagrams, pictures of ox-bow lakes

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 74-80

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Levees, Braided Channels, and Deferred Tributaries
Delta Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe natural levee formation during floods. Explain braided channel development and deferred tributary formation.

Drawing levee cross-sections. Discussion of raised river beds and flooding problems. Analysis of braided patterns during dry seasons.

Cross-section diagrams, aerial photographs, flood plain maps
Maps of river deltas, diagrams of delta types, aerial photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 84-85

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Profile Summary
River Capture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Summarize features along youthful, mature, and old stages. Compare dominant processes and resultant landforms at each stage.

Creating comprehensive river profile diagrams. Consolidation exercise comparing all stages. Tabulation of features by river stage.

Large drawing paper, colored pencils, summary charts, profile diagrams
Maps of Kenya, capture process diagrams, case study materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 89

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Rejuvenation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river rejuvenation and distinguish dynamic vs static rejuvenation. Describe resultant features: river terraces, incised meanders, rejuvenation gorges, knick points.

Discussion of rejuvenation causes (base level changes, increased discharge). Drawing rejuvenation features with examples from coastal Kenya rivers.

Rejuvenation feature diagrams, pictures of incised meanders, maps of coastal Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 86-89

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Patterns
Drainage Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe dendritic, radial, centripetal, parallel, fault-guided, and trellis drainage patterns. Explain formation conditions and give Kenyan examples.

Drawing different drainage patterns. Analysis of Mt. Kenya radial drainage and Rift Valley centripetal patterns. Pattern recognition exercises.

Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils
Geological maps, drainage system diagrams, cross-sections

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 90-92

ACTION OF RIVERS

Significance of Rivers - Positive Effects
Significance of Rivers - Negative Effects and Water Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rivers' roles in water supply, irrigation, transport, HEP generation, port facilities, building materials, boundaries, fishing, tourism.

Discussion of urban water supplies from rivers. Analysis of HEP projects and irrigation schemes. Review of river-based economic activities.

Maps of water systems, pictures of dams and ports, economic activity charts
Pictures of floods, case study materials, Water Act summary

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 94-96

LAKES

Definition of a Lake
Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Rift Valley Lakes
Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Downwarped Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a lake as a large mass of water occupying a depression. Distinguish between fresh water and salt water lakes. Explain reasons for lake salinity including lack of outlets, high evaporation, and underground salt sources.

Q/A to review hydrological cycle and water bodies. Discussion of lake characteristics with examples from Kenya. Listing fresh vs salt water lakes on chalkboard.

Chalkboard, textbooks, wall map of Kenya
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, wall map of East Africa
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 99-100

LAKES

Lakes Formed by Volcanic Activity
Lakes Formed by Glaciation
Lakes Formed by River and Wave Deposition
Other Lake Types - Wind Erosion, Solution, and Human-made

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe crater lake formation in volcanic craters. Explain lava dammed lake formation when lava blocks river courses. Give examples: crater lakes (Simbi, Paradise, Chala) and lava dammed lakes (Bunyonyi, Kivu, Tana).

Drawing crater lake formation on chalkboard. Discussion of lava dam formation across rivers. Students sketch volcanic lake types in exercise books.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Basin, clay/soil, water, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Pieces of chalk, water container, chalkboard, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 103-106

LAKES

Landslide and Meteorite Lakes
Lake Classification Summary and Regional Examples

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe temporary lakes from landslide debris blocking rivers. Explain meteorite crater lakes from space impacts. Give examples including Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana.

Discussion of landslide lake formation and temporary nature. Simple demonstration of crater formation using sand and dropping stones. Brief IT integration: internet search for Lake Bosumtwi images if available.

Sand tray, small stones, chalkboard, internet access (if available)
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 109

LAKES

Significance of Lakes - Economic Importance
Significance of Lakes - Social and Environmental Benefits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain lakes as sources of fish, water supply, and irrigation. Describe hydroelectric power generation from lakes. Analyze transport and navigation benefits. Discuss mineral extraction (soda ash, salt) from lakes.

Discussion of Lake Victoria fisheries and water supply to cities. Analysis of Owen Falls and Seven Forks power generation. Case study of Lake Magadi salt and soda ash mining using textbook examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 109-111

LAKES
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Negative Effects of Lakes
Definition of Terms and Types of Deserts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify disease vectors (mosquitoes, snails) around lakes causing malaria and bilharzia. Describe dangerous wildlife habitats (crocodiles, hippos). Explain displacement issues from human-made lakes.

Discussion of health challenges in lake regions. Analysis of human-wildlife conflict around lakes. Case study of resettlement during dam construction projects using textbook examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 111

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Wind Erosion Processes
Wind Erosion Features - Small Scale
Wind Erosion Features - Large Scale
Wind Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain wind erosion processes: abrasion, attrition, and deflation. Describe factors favoring wind action in hot deserts: unconsolidated particles, scanty vegetation, tropical storms.

Discussion of wind erosion mechanisms with practical examples. Simple demonstration using sand and breath/fan to show wind effect. Students draw erosion process diagrams.

Sand, small container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, small stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Sand, fan or strong breath, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 152-153

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Sand Dunes - Barchans and Seif Dunes
Other Dune Types, Draas, and Loess
Water Action in Arid Areas - Wadis and Inselbergs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe barchan formation around obstacles creating crescent shapes. Explain seif dune development as parallel ridges aligned with prevailing winds. Give examples from Sahara, Arabian deserts, and Kenya (Lamu, Chalbi).

Drawing detailed barchan and seif dune formation diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of wind direction effects on dune shapes. Students model dune formation with sand.

Sand, small obstacles, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 157-159

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS

Pediments, Pediplains, and Plateau Features
Water Deposition Features and Dry Valleys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain pediment formation as gently sloping rock surfaces through lateral planation or slope retreat. Describe pediplain development through coalescence of pediments. Explain mesa and butte formation from resistant-capped plateaus.

Drawing pediment and pediplain formation sequences on chalkboard. Discussion of differential erosion on sedimentary rocks. Students analyze plateau evolution stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Maps of Kenya, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 161-163

ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS
Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Significance of Arid Features
Surface and Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positive significance: solar energy potential, mineral resources, tourism attractions, unique ecosystems. Describe negative impacts: sand dune migration, agricultural threats, water scarcity challenges, settlement difficulties.

Discussion of arid area opportunities and challenges with global and local examples. Analysis of Kenya's ASAL development potential and problems. Students evaluate significance balance.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures of solar panels
Charts showing water sources, Rock samples, Diagrams of percolation and water table, Transparent containers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 164-165

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Features Resulting from Underground Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features resulting from underground water: springs, wells, artesian basins and wells. Describe spring formation in well-jointed limestone, at scarp slopes, and spring-lines. Explain well construction and distinguish permanent, intermittent and dry wells. Define artesian basin structure and conditions for artesian well location.

Exposition on springs as "natural outflow of water from rocks" with formation methods in limestone areas. Discussion on bournes as intermittent streams in chalk areas. Explanation of wells as "holes sunk into permeable rock to reach water table" using textbook diagrams. Detailed discussion on artesian basin structure and examples including London Basin, Great Australian Basin, Sahara, Kalahari.

Topographical maps, Geological cross-sections, Textbook diagrams, 3D models, World maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 170-172

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Importance of Underground Water
Action of Water in Limestone Areas and Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ways underground water is important to humankind and countries. Give specific examples of underground water significance including settlement, irrigation, domestic/industrial supply, geothermal energy, mineral deposits.

Brain storming on underground water uses. Detailed discussion on importance aspects including settlement sites like spring-line settlements, irrigation in dry areas like Sahara oases, domestic/industrial water like Mzima Springs supplying Mombasa, river sources in Kenyan Highlands, geothermal power like Olkaria near Naivasha, mineral deposits like salt at Homa Hills, underground streams keeping lakes fresh like Lake Naivasha.

Photographs of key sites, Maps of Kenya, Case study materials, Charts showing applications
Limestone samples, Weak acids, Sequential diagrams, Clay for modeling, Salt solution setup, Cave photographs, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 172-173

Action of Water in Limestone Areas

Significance of Resultant Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain significance of karst landscape features to humankind and countries. Analyze positive and negative impacts of karst features. Evaluate economic importance of limestone areas including tourism, water supply challenges, industrial uses, grazing potential.

Probing questions on karst landscape significance. Detailed discussion on significance aspects including tourism attractions like caves and gorges, solution lakes providing water sources, water scarcity due to intermittent streams, infrastructure development challenges, limestone use in iron/steel industry, grazing suitability for sheep, cement production like Bamburi and Athi River factories, environmental management challenges. Q/A on sustainable use of limestone resources. Topic assessment.

Economic charts, Photographs of industries, Tourism materials, Infrastructure maps, Assessment worksheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 178-179

Glaciation

Definition of Terms
Types of Glaciers and Ice Masses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define glaciation, ice, snow, snowline, firn, neve fields. Distinguish between permanent and temporary snowlines. Explain glacier formation conditions.

Q/A to review ice formation concepts. Exposition on glaciation definition and related terminology. Discussion on snowline variations with latitude and altitude. Explanation of firn formation through compaction processes. Discussion on glacier formation conditions and avalanche effects.

Charts showing snowline variations, Diagrams of ice formation, Maps showing ice distribution, Safety materials
Glacier example tables, World maps, Photographs of mountain glaciers, Distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 180-182

Glaciation

Icebergs and Ice Movement
Processes of Glaciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define icebergs and explain their formation. Describe iceberg distribution. Explain three ways ice moves. Analyze factors affecting ice movement speed.

Exposition on iceberg formation and distribution. Discussion on iceberg movement by ocean currents. Explanation of ice movement mechanisms including freeze-thaw action, basal slip, and extrusion flow. Analysis of movement speed factors and rates. Comparison of different glacier movement speeds.

World maps showing icebergs, Ocean current charts, Movement mechanism diagrams, Speed comparison data
Rock samples, Process diagrams, Moraine type charts, Glacial debris photographs

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 183-184

Glaciation

Glacial Features and Significance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe highland and lowland glacial features. Analyze positive and negative significance of glaciation.

Discussion on highland feature formation processes and characteristics. Description of lowland glacial features and formation. Analysis of glaciation significance including economic benefits and challenges. Examples from East African mountains and world locations. Group work on significance evaluation and local applications.

Formation diagrams, Feature photographs, Economic impact charts, Maps showing benefits, East African examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 186-194

Soil

Definition and Composition of Soil
Soil Forming Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil and its components. Distinguish between soil and land. Explain soil composition percentages and constituent importance.

Q/A to review weathering concepts. Exposition on soil definition and regolith formation. Discussion on soil composition including organic matter, inorganic matter, water, air percentages. Analysis of humus importance for plant nutrition.

Soil samples, Composition diagrams, Constituent charts, Microscopes
Rock samples, Decomposition diagrams, Leaching process charts, Formation illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 198-200

Soil

Factors Influencing Soil Formation
Properties and Profile

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify five soil formation factors. Explain parent material influence on soil type. Analyze climate and organism effects. Describe topography and time factors.

Exposition on parent material as key factor determining soil type. Discussion on climate effects including rainfall and temperature variations. Analysis of vegetation and micro-organism roles. Explanation of slope and time influences on soil development.

Parent rock samples, Climate charts, Vegetation specimens, Maps, Time examples
Soil structure samples, pH materials, Colour charts, Profile diagrams, Catena illustrations

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 203-205

Soil

Soil Degeneration and Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil degeneration and classify types. Describe erosion types and processes. Identify conditions favouring soil erosion.

Exposition on degeneration types: physical, chemical, biological with causes. Discussion on erosion processes from splash to gully formation. Analysis of erosion factors with Kenyan examples.

Erosion photographs, Degeneration charts, Local examples, Process diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 209-214

Soil
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE

Classification and Management
Introduction and Definition of Agriculture
Physical Factors: Climate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify soils by order: zonal, intrazonal, azonal. Describe major soil types and their characteristics. Explain soil management and conservation methods.

Exposition on soil classification based on formation conditions. Discussion on major Kenyan soil types and distribution. Analysis of management techniques and conservation methods. Examples of Kenyan conservation practices.

Classification charts, Distribution maps, Conservation photographs, Practice examples
Charts showing agricultural activities, Pictures of crops and livestock, Map of Kenya
Maps showing climate zones, Rainfall charts, Pictures of crops, Thermometers

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 214-228

AGRICULTURE

Physical Factors: Relief and Soil
Biotic and Human Factors
Types of Agriculture: Simple Subsistence and Sedentary Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture and Plantation Agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relief types; Explain lowland cultivation advantages; Analyze soil composition and weathering; Evaluate soil properties

Q/A on relief and mechanization; Study lowland advantages in Monsoon Asia; Examine soil formation from rocks; Discuss hygroscopic water and temperature

Soil samples, pH testing materials, Maps of Pampas and Prairies, Terraced farming pictures
Pictures of pests, Insect specimens, Wilson Airport maps, Price charts
Maps of tropical lands, Slash-and-burn pictures, Farming systems diagrams
Monsoon Asia maps, Rice terraces pictures, Plantation distribution charts

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 236-238

AGRICULTURE

Mediterranean Agriculture, Mixed Farming, and Livestock Farming
Distribution of Major Cash Crops in Kenya
Tea Farming in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe Mediterranean agriculture regions; Explain farming aspects; Define mixed farming; Identify livestock farming types

Study Mediterranean regions; Analyze orchard farming, viticulture; Discuss mixed farming areas; Introduction to livestock types

Mediterranean maps, Olive grove pictures, Crop combination charts
Figure 13.7 map, Cash crop pictures, Colonial agriculture photos
Figure 13.8 map, Plantation pictures, Processing flow chart, Tea samples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 248-252

AGRICULTURE

Tea Marketing and Sugar-cane Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain KTDA role (260,000 farmers); Describe export destinations; Identify sugar-cane belt; Explain growing conditions

Discuss KTDA achievements; Study Figure 13.10 sugar areas; Analyze out-grower schemes; Sugar processing and uses

KTDA charts, Figure 13.10 map, Factory pictures, Processing diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 257-262

AGRICULTURE

Maize Growing and Cocoa in Ghana
Oil Palm in Nigeria and Coffee Farming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify maize areas and Katumani variety; Describe growing conditions; Identify Ghana cocoa triangle; Explain cocoa conditions

Study Figure 13.14 maize areas; Discuss Portuguese introduction; Analyze Ghana cocoa using Figure 13.15; Cocoa processing to export

Figure 13.14 map, Maize pictures, Figure 13.15 Ghana map, Processing charts
Oil palm pictures, Figure 13.18 coffee map, Processing charts, pH testing materials

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 262-270

AGRICULTURE

Wheat Growing and Horticulture
Pastoral Farming and Dairy Farming
Beef Farming and Agricultural Fieldwork

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify wheat areas and conditions; Compare with Canada's advantages; Define horticulture; Identify horticultural areas

Study Figure 13.20 wheat areas; Analyze Canadian Prairie advantages; Discuss horticultural companies; Export market analysis

Figure 13.20 map, Harvester pictures, Figure 13.25 horticulture map, Export charts
Figure 13.29 map, Pastoral pictures, Table 13.1, Cattle breed photos
Cattle breed pictures, Figure 13.40 Pampas map, Sample questionnaires, Data sheets

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 283-299