Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the terms atomic number and mass number
- Illustrate atomic number and mass number using chemical symbols
- Calculate the mass number of elements

- Search the Internet or use reference books to find out about atomic number and mass number
- Discuss how to illustrate atomic number and mass number
- Calculate and record the mass numbers of elements

What is the relationship between atomic number and identity of an element?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 2
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 3

- Written assignments - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of electron arrangement
- State the rules of electron arrangement
- Write electron arrangements of elements

- Search for information about electron arrangement
- Discuss energy levels and their electron capacities
- Practice writing electron arrangements

How are electrons arranged in an atom?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 5
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Energy level diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate electron arrangements using diagrams
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for elements
- Show interest in electron arrangement diagrams

- Search for information on how to illustrate electron arrangements
- Draw dot or cross diagrams for different elements
- Compare diagrams with peers

How can electron arrangements be illustrated using diagrams?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 7
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Manila paper and felt pens
- Charts
- Manila paper
- Colored pencils

- Observation - Peer assessment - Drawing skills assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use electron arrangement to classify elements
- Identify metals and non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Appreciate the relationship between electron arrangement and element classification

- Search for information on metals and non-metals
- Classify the first 20 elements as metals or non-metals
- Complete a table showing classification of elements

How can electron arrangement be used to classify elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 8
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Model the atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify locally available materials for modeling atoms
- Plan how to model the atomic structure
- Show interest in modeling atoms

- Brainstorm and visualize atomic models
- Identify materials needed for modeling
- Discuss and refine steps for construction

How can we model the structure of selected elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 9
- Locally available materials
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Glue, scissors, colored papers
- Markers and labels

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Review and assessment
Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about atomic structure
- Attempt questions on structure of atoms
- Show confidence in understanding atomic structure

- Review key concepts of atomic structure
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding the structure of atoms help explain the properties of elements?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 10
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Various metallic and non-metallic objects
- Writing materials

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the melting points of metals
- Describe the physical state of metals at room temperature
- Appreciate the relationship between melting point and room temperature

- Search for information on melting points of metals
- Complete a table of melting points and physical states
- Discuss the relationship between melting point and physical state

What is the general state of metals at room temperature?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 12
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing melting points
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 13
- Dry cells, connecting wires
- Metallic samples
- Bulbs and crocodile clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate thermal conductivity of metals
- Compare thermal conductivity of different metals
- Appreciate the importance of thermal conductivity

- Set up apparatus to test thermal conductivity
- Heat metal rods and observe effects
- Compare conductivity of different metals

What makes metals good thermal conductors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 14
- Metal rods
- Candles, matches
- Heat source
- Clamp and stand
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 15
- Iron nails, copper wire
- Zinc rod, hammer
- Iron block

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Physical properties of metals
Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the ductility of metals
- Explain the process of drawing metals into wires
- Appreciate the application of ductility

- Search for information on copper wire production
- Discuss the meaning of drawing metal into wire
- Present findings to class

What makes metals ductile?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 16
- Internet access
- Print media
- Wire samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 18
- Reference books
- Alloy samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Composition of alloys
Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify items made from different alloys
- Describe the appearance of common alloys
- Appreciate the uses of alloys

- Examine the appearance of various items
- Search for information on alloy composition
- Complete table showing appearance of items

Why are alloys used instead of pure metals?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 19
- Padlocks, keys, door hinges
- Spoons, kitchen knives
- Water taps, rivets
- Internet access
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Reference books
- Metal samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Uses of metals and alloys
Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of common alloys in daily life
- Relate the properties of alloys to their uses
- Appreciate the importance of alloys

- Search for information on uses of alloys
- Compile findings in a table format
- Present findings to class

How are alloys important in day-to-day life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 21
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Alloy samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Rusted metal samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the process of rusting
- Identify conditions necessary for rusting
- Show interest in investigating rusting

- Set up apparatus to investigate rusting
- Observe changes over days
- Record and discuss observations

What conditions are necessary for rusting to occur?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 23
- Test tubes, nails
- Water, oil, cotton wool
- Anhydrous calcium chloride
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 24
- Rusted metal samples
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and Alloys - Rusting
Metals and Alloys - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Explain how each method works
- Show interest in rust prevention

- Discuss methods of preventing rusting
- Demonstrate some prevention methods
- Present findings to class

How can rusting be prevented?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 25
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Materials for demonstrations
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 26
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the physical properties of water
- Test for the color of different water samples
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Observe water samples of different colors
- Compare water samples with color chart
- Record observations

What are the physical properties of water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 27
- Boiling tubes
- Colored solutions
- Test tubes rack
- Color chart
- Water samples
- Beakers
- Test tubes
- Droppers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Physical properties of water
Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the boiling point of water
- Explain why pure water boils at 100°C
- Show interest in investigating water properties

- Set up apparatus to measure boiling point
- Heat water and record temperature
- Determine the boiling point

How does temperature change as water is heated to boiling?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 28
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source
- Tripod stand, clamp
- Distilled water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Water samples
- Liquid soap
- Test tubes with corks
- Droppers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define hard and soft water
- Explain the causes of water hardness
- Show interest in water hardness

- Search for information on hard and soft water
- Discuss causes of water hardness
- Present findings to class

What causes water to be hard?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 29
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Water samples
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline advantages of hard water
- Explain applications of hard water
- Appreciate the importance of hard water

- Research advantages of hard water
- Discuss health benefits and applications
- Present findings to class

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 31
- Scaled kettle elements

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe methods of softening hard water
- Explain principles behind different methods
- Show interest in water treatment

- Research methods of softening hard water
- Discuss various softening methods
- Present findings to class

What methods can be used to soften hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 32
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Soap solution
- Heat source
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by adding sodium carbonate
- Test the effectiveness of chemical treatment
- Show interest in water treatment

- Add sodium carbonate to hard water
- Filter the mixture
- Test water before and after treatment

How effective is sodium carbonate in softening hard water?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 33
- Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution
- Sodium carbonate
- Filter paper and funnel
- Soap solution
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 34
- Round-bottomed flask
- Liebig condenser
- Heat source
- Hard water samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water Hardness - Methods of softening hard water
Water Hardness - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different methods of softening water
- Evaluate the effectiveness of each method
- Show interest in water treatment

- Compare results from different softening methods
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method
- Present findings to class

Which method of softening water is most effective?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 35
- Previous experimental results
- Reference books
- Internet access
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 36
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Parts of a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Internal structure of a leaf

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the external parts of a leaf
- Observe and draw the external structure of a leaf
- Show interest in studying parts of a leaf

- Pluck a variety of leaves from different plants and take them to the laboratory
- Study the leaves and describe their lamina based on size, surface area, leaf veins and thickness
- Draw a large well-labelled diagram of one of the leaves

What are the parts of a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 64)
- Hand lens
- Variety of fresh leaves
- Labelled charts of a leaf
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 65)
- Prepared slides of leaf sections
- Light microscope
- Charts of leaf TS

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Functions of leaf parts
Nutrition in plants - Adaptations of the leaf to photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of different parts of a leaf
- Explain the role of each part in photosynthesis
- Appreciate the structure-function relationship in leaves

- Discuss the functions of different parts of a leaf and their roles in photosynthesis
- Use charts and digital media to reinforce understanding of leaf functions
- Share findings with peers

How are the different parts of a leaf adapted to their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 66)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing leaf structures
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 67)
- Wall charts on leaf adaptations

- Oral questions - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Structure and function of chloroplast
Nutrition in plants - Process of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of chloroplast
- Explain the functions of parts of the chloroplast
- Show interest in the chloroplast as site of photosynthesis

- Search for information on the structure of chloroplast using digital resources
- Draw and label a chloroplast showing its internal structure
- Discuss functions of chloroplast components

Why is the chloroplast important in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 68)
- Digital resources
- Charts of chloroplast structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 69)
- Charts on photosynthesis

- Diagrams - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Light and dark reactions
Nutrition in plants - Products of photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
- Describe the dark stage (carbon fixation) of photosynthesis
- Show interest in the stages of photosynthesis

- Discuss the reactions in light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
- Discuss the carbon fixation process in the dark stage
- Use charts and animations to enhance understanding

How do the light and dark stages differ in photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 70)
- Digital resources
- Charts on photosynthesis stages
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 71)
- Charts on photosynthesis
- Reference books

- Written questions - Oral assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Gas produced during photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the gas produced during photosynthesis
- Identify oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis
- Appreciate the experimental approach to studying photosynthesis

- Set up experiment with water plants to collect gas produced during photosynthesis
- Test the collected gas with a glowing splint
- Record and discuss observations

What gas is released during photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 72)
- Water plants (Elodea)
- Test tubes, beakers
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Testing for starch in a leaf
Nutrition in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the test for starch in a leaf
- Perform the starch test on a leaf
- Show interest in experimental procedures

- Take a green leaf exposed to light for 5 hours
- Follow the procedure for testing starch in a leaf
- Observe and record results

How can we test for the presence of starch in a leaf?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 73)
- Fresh leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit, hot water
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 74)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating light in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating carbon(IV) oxide in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of light in photosynthesis
- Explain why light is essential for photosynthesis
- Show experimental skills in investigating photosynthesis

- Cover one leaf of a potted plant with light-proof material
- Place plant in dark for 48 hours then in light for 2-3 hours
- Test covered and uncovered leaves for starch

Why is light necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 75)
- Potted plant
- Light-proof material
- Iodine solution
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 76)
- Conical flask, cork
- Sodium hydroxide pellets

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Investigating chlorophyll in photosynthesis
Nutrition in plants - Investigating water in photosynthesis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the necessity of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Explain the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
- Show interest in experimental approach

- Use a plant with variegated leaves
- Expose to light after destarching
- Test the leaf for starch
- Observe distribution of starch in green and non-green parts

Why is chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 77)
- Plant with variegated leaves
- Iodine solution
- Methylated spirit
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 78)
- Photographs of plants under different water conditions
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written reports - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in plants - Importance of photosynthesis
Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of photosynthesis in nature
- Describe how photosynthetic products support life
- Appreciate the value of photosynthesis in ecosystems

- Discuss the importance of photosynthesis under various headings
- Explain the significance of products of photosynthesis
- Discuss environmental importance of photosynthesis

Why is photosynthesis important in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 79)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Charts on animal nutrition

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dentition
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Show interest in animal dentition

- Observe specimens or models of different types of teeth
- Identify homodont and heterodont dentition
- Draw and label diagrams of different teeth types

What is dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth

- Drawings - Written questions - Oral assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth
Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify dentition of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Explain adaptations of teeth to different feeding habits
- Show interest in relationship between dentition and diet

- Study jaws of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Identify adaptations of teeth to feeding habits
- Discuss dental formula of different animal groups

How does dentition reflect the feeding habits of animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of digestion along the alimentary canal
- Describe the role of digestive juices and enzymes
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Search for information on digestion in the alimentary canal
- Discuss digestion in the mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum
- Watch animations on the digestive process

How does the process of digestion occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts of digestive process
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe pollinating agents in action
- Identify different types of pollinating agents
- Show interest in natural pollination processes

- Survey different areas to identify flower types
- Observe organisms visiting flowers
- Record observations on pollinating agents

What organisms act as pollinating agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Hand lens
- Camera/smartphone
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization

- Field observation skills - Written reports - Practical assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization
Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of double fertilization
- Describe formation of zygote and endosperm
- Appreciate the uniqueness of flowering plant reproduction

- Search for animations on double fertilization
- Discuss the fusion of nuclei in the embryo sac
- Make a model of double fertilization

What happens during double fertilization?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Digital resources
- Charts on double fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Various fruits
- Charts

- Model making - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify fruits based on structure
- Differentiate between succulent and dry fruits
- Show interest in fruit diversity

- Collect various fruits and seeds
- Group fruits into dry and succulent types
- Observe internal features of different fruits

How are fruits classified?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Various fruits
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Classification charts

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents
Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by animals
- Explain adaptations for animal dispersal
- Show interest in plant-animal interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for animal dispersal
- Identify hooks, edible parts, and other adaptations
- Discuss the role of animals in seed dispersal

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe benefits of dispersal for plant survival
- Appreciate ecological significance of dispersal

- Search for information on importance of dispersal
- Discuss colonization of new areas
- Discuss reduced competition through dispersal

Why is fruit and seed dispersal important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers

What is the role of flowers in nature?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Charts of ecosystems

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition

How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Barometer if available

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Humidity effects
The interdependence of life - Wind effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals

How does humidity affect organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Human activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books

- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates