Floating and Sinking

Introduction and Cause of Upthrust

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects feel lighter in fluids; Define upthrust and identify its effects; Perform Experiment 3.1 investigating upthrust and weight of fluid displaced; Derive mathematical expression for upthrust using pressure concepts; Verify Archimedes' principle experimentally

Q/A on pressure in liquids; Introduction using steel ferry floating on water; Performance of Experiment 3.1 - relationship between upthrust and weight of displaced fluid; Mathematical derivation of upthrust U = ρVg; Analysis of experimental results; Discussion of pressure differences causing upthrust

Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 58-63

Floating and Sinking

Upthrust in Gases and Archimedes' Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain upthrust in gases with examples; State Archimedes' principle clearly; Apply Archimedes' principle to solve problems; Solve Examples 1, 2, and 3 from textbook; Calculate apparent weight and upthrust in different fluids

Review of upthrust in liquids through Q/A; Discussion of upthrust in gases using balloon examples; Statement and explanation of Archimedes' principle; Step-by-step solution of Examples 1-3; Problem-solving involving apparent weight calculations; Group work on upthrust calculations

Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 60-66

Floating and Sinking

Law of Flotation and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships

Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects

Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69

Floating and Sinking

Relative Density Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative density of solids and liquids; Use Archimedes' principle to determine relative density; Apply the formula: RD = Weight in air/(Weight in air - Weight in fluid); Solve Examples 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 from textbook; Calculate relative density using different methods

Review of density concepts through Q/A; Introduction to relative density using practical examples; Mathematical derivation of relative density formulae; Step-by-step solution of Examples 8-12; Practical determination of relative density for various materials; Group calculations and comparisons

Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 69-74

Floating and Sinking

Archimedes' Principle and Moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing

Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy

Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74

Floating and Sinking

Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the working principle of hydrometers; Describe structure and features of practical hydrometers; Solve Examples 12 and 13 involving hydrometer calculations; Understand applications in measuring density of milk, battery acid, and beer; Calculate hydrometer dimensions and floating positions

Review of law of flotation through Q/A; Detailed study of hydrometer structure and operation; Analysis of hydrometer sensitivity and design features; Step-by-step solution of Examples 12-13; Discussion of specialized hydrometers (lactometer, battery acid hydrometer); Practical calculations involving hydrometer floating

Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 74-77

Floating and Sinking

Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels

Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications

Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic waves and identify their nature; State properties common to all electromagnetic waves; Arrange electromagnetic radiations in order of wavelength and frequency; Calculate wave properties using c = fλ; Solve Examples 1 and 2 from textbook

Q/A on wave concepts from previous studies; Introduction to electromagnetic waves using everyday examples; Study of electromagnetic spectrum chart; Discussion of wave properties (speed, frequency, wavelength); Mathematical relationship between wave parameters; Solution of Examples 1 and 2 involving calculations

Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 79-81

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations
Explain production of visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves; Describe detection methods for each radiation type; Understand role of oscillating circuits in radio wave production; Compare detection mechanisms across the spectrum; Demonstrate detection of some radiations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations
Q/A on high-energy radiations; Study of lower-energy radiation production (thermal, electronic oscillations); Analysis of detection methods (eyes, thermopiles, crystal detectors, radio receivers); Practical demonstrations of infrared detection; Discussion of antenna and oscillating circuit principles; Group identification of sources and detectors

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain applications of ultraviolet radiation; Describe uses of visible light in technology; Understand infrared applications in heating and imaging; Analyze microwave applications in cooking and radar; Discuss radio wave applications in communication

Q/A on high-energy radiation applications; Study of UV applications (fluorescence, sterilization, vitamin D, forgery detection); Analysis of visible light uses (photography, optical fibers, lasers); Exploration of infrared applications (heating, night vision, remote controls); Discussion of microwave and radio wave technologies

UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-85

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of radar (radio detection and ranging); Describe microwave oven operation and safety features; Understand reflection and detection in radar systems; Explain how microwaves heat food molecules; Apply wave principles to practical technologies

Review of microwave and radio wave properties; Detailed analysis of radar operation and applications; Study of microwave oven components (magnetron, stirrer, safety features); Discussion of wave reflection and detection principles; Analysis of molecular heating mechanisms; Safety considerations and precautions

Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 84-85

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking
Hazards and Safety Considerations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of radar (radio detection and ranging); Describe microwave oven operation and safety features; Understand reflection and detection in radar systems; Explain how microwaves heat food molecules; Apply wave principles to practical technologies
Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use

Review of microwave and radio wave properties; Detailed analysis of radar operation and applications; Study of microwave oven components (magnetron, stirrer, safety features); Discussion of wave reflection and detection principles; Analysis of molecular heating mechanisms; Safety considerations and precautions
Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 84-85
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85

Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction and Historical Background

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic induction and its significance; Explain Faraday's discovery and its impact on modern technology; Understand the relationship between magnetism and electricity; Identify examples of electromagnetic induction in daily life; Appreciate the importance of relative motion in electromagnetic phenomena

Q/A on magnetic fields and electric current relationships from previous studies; Introduction to Michael Faraday's discovery and its historical significance; Discussion of electromagnetic induction examples in daily life (generators, transformers, motors); Overview of chapter content and learning objectives; Introduction to practical applications in power generation and electronics

Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86

Electromagnetic Induction

Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor; Identify conditions necessary for inducing e.m.f. in a straight conductor; Observe effects of different types of motion on induced current; Understand the importance of relative motion between conductor and magnetic field; Analyze galvanometer deflections

Performance of Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor AB in U-shaped magnet; Systematic investigation of conductor movement (vertical up/down, parallel to field, stationary, different angles); Observation and recording of galvanometer deflections; Analysis of current direction changes with motion reversal; Discussion of relative motion importance and field cutting concept

Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86-87

Electromagnetic Induction

Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using coils; Compare induction effects in straight conductors vs coils; Observe effects of magnet movement into and out of coils; Understand flux linkage concept; Analyze why coils are more effective than single conductors

Continuation of Experiment 5.1 using coil instead of straight conductor; Investigation of magnet movement into coil, out of coil, and stationary positions; Comparison of deflection magnitudes between straight conductor and coil setups; Analysis of why coils produce larger induced e.m.f.; Discussion of magnetic flux and flux linkage concepts

Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 87-88

Electromagnetic Induction

Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using coils; Compare induction effects in straight conductors vs coils; Observe effects of magnet movement into and out of coils; Understand flux linkage concept; Analyze why coils are more effective than single conductors
Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations

Continuation of Experiment 5.1 using coil instead of straight conductor; Investigation of magnet movement into coil, out of coil, and stationary positions; Comparison of deflection magnitudes between straight conductor and coil setups; Analysis of why coils produce larger induced e.m.f.; Discussion of magnetic flux and flux linkage concepts
Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications

Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets
Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 87-88
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.3 investigating magnetic field strength effects; Understand relationship between field strength and induced e.m.f.; Control variables in electromagnetic experiments; Use electromagnets to vary field strength; Apply experimental findings to solve problems

Performance of Experiment 5.3 investigating relationship between magnetic field strength and induced e.m.f.; Setup of electromagnet with variable current control; Investigation of wire PQ movement in different field strengths; Recording galvanometer deflections for different electromagnet currents; Analysis of results and relationship establishment

U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.4 investigating effect of coil turns; Understand relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construct coils with different numbers of turns; Analyze why more turns produce larger e.m.f.; State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

Performance of Experiment 5.4 investigating relationship between number of turns and induced e.m.f.; Construction of solenoids with 60, 50, 40, 30, and 20 turns; Systematic testing with same magnet withdrawal speed; Recording and analysis of galvanometer readings; Mathematical relationship establishment; Statement of Faraday's law based on experimental evidence

Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89-90

Electromagnetic Induction

Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle

Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions

Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93

Electromagnetic Induction

Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle
Perform Experiment 5.6 with straight conductors; State Fleming's right-hand rule (dynamo rule); Apply the rule to determine direction of induced current; Understand relationship between motion, field, and current directions; Solve Example 1 involving square loop movement

Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions
Performance of Experiment 5.6 determining induced current direction in straight conductor; Introduction and demonstration of Fleming's right-hand rule; Practice applying the rule to various conductor movements; Step-by-step solution of Example 1 (square loop in magnetic field); Analysis of current directions in different parts of the loop; Verification of Fleming's rule consistency with Lenz's law

Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts
U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 93-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Applications of Induction Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve Examples 2 and 3 involving current direction; Apply Lenz's law to predict current directions in circuits; Understand induced current effects in neighboring circuits; Analyze changing magnetic fields and their effects; Use both Fleming's rule and Lenz's law in problem solving

Q/A review of Fleming's rule and Lenz's law; Step-by-step solution of Example 2 (current in conductor AB affecting nearby loop); Detailed analysis of Example 3 (magnet movement and coil current direction); Practice problems involving current direction prediction; Group work on applying both laws to various scenarios; Discussion of consistency between different methods

Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 94-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Mutual Induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mutual induction and demonstrate its occurrence; Perform Experiment 5.7 showing mutual induction between coils; Explain factors affecting mutual induction; Understand primary and secondary coil relationships; Discuss enhancement methods using iron cores

Q/A on electromagnetic induction principles; Introduction to mutual induction concept and definition; Performance of Experiment 5.7 demonstrating mutual induction between primary and secondary coils; Investigation of switching effects, current changes, and A.C. source effects; Analysis of mutual induction enhancement using soft iron rod and ring; Discussion of applications in transformers

Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 97-100

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformers - Basic Principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers

Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations

Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformers - Basic Principles
Transformer Equations and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers
Derive transformer turns rule equation; Apply transformer equations for voltage and current relationships; Calculate transformer efficiency; Solve Examples 4 and 5 involving transformer problems; Understand ideal vs practical transformer differences

Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations
Q/A on transformer working principles; Mathematical derivation of turns rule (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns); Development of current relationship (IpVp = IsVs for ideal transformer); Introduction to efficiency calculations; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4 and 5; Discussion of ideal transformer assumptions vs practical limitations

Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts
Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 102-105

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four main energy losses in transformers; Explain methods to minimize each type of energy loss; Understand lamination and its purpose; Solve Example 6 involving power transmission system; Calculate efficiency and power losses in practical systems

Review of ideal transformer equations; Analysis of energy losses (flux leakage, copper losses, eddy currents, hysteresis loss); Study of loss minimization techniques including core lamination; Discussion of practical transformer efficiency; Step-by-step solution of Example 6 (complex power transmission system); Analysis of step-up and step-down transformer roles

Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 105-108

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four main energy losses in transformers; Explain methods to minimize each type of energy loss; Understand lamination and its purpose; Solve Example 6 involving power transmission system; Calculate efficiency and power losses in practical systems

Review of ideal transformer equations; Analysis of energy losses (flux leakage, copper losses, eddy currents, hysteresis loss); Study of loss minimization techniques including core lamination; Discussion of practical transformer efficiency; Step-by-step solution of Example 6 (complex power transmission system); Analysis of step-up and step-down transformer roles

Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 105-108

Electromagnetic Induction

Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain structure and working of A.C. and D.C. generators; Describe moving-coil microphone operation; Understand induction coil structure and applications; Compare slip rings with split ring commutators; Analyze generator output waveforms and applications

Review of electromagnetic induction in rotating systems; Detailed study of A.C. generator structure and sinusoidal output; Analysis of D.C. generator with split ring commutator; Explanation of moving-coil microphone components and sound conversion; Description of induction coil operation and high voltage generation; Discussion of applications in car ignition systems

A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 108-112

Mains Electricity

Sources of Mains Electricity
The Grid System and Power Transmission
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses
Domestic Wiring System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the main sources of mains electricity
Explain how different sources generate electrical energy
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different power sources
Describe the environmental impact of various power sources

Explain why power is transmitted at high voltage
Calculate power losses in transmission
State dangers of high voltage transmission
Apply the formula P = I²R to transmission problems

Prior knowledge review on electrical energy
Discussion on local power sources in Kenya
Field trip planning to nearby power station
Group presentations on different power sources
Q&A session on power generation methods
Review of Ohm's law and power formulas
Demonstration of power loss calculations
Worked examples on transmission efficiency
Discussion on safety measures for transmission lines
Group problem-solving activities

Pictures of power stations
Charts showing different energy sources
Videos of power generation
Maps of Kenya's power grid
Sample coal, biomass materials
Chart of national grid system
Transmission line models
Maps showing power lines
Transformer models
Voltage measurement devices
Calculators
Worked example sheets
Pictures of transmission towers
Safety warning signs
Formula charts
House wiring components
Fuse box model
Different types of fuses
Electrical cables (samples)
Circuit diagrams
Multimeter

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 117
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 118-121

Mains Electricity

Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the function of fuses in electrical circuits
Compare fuses and circuit breakers
Select appropriate fuse ratings for different appliances
Describe safety measures in electrical installations

Review of domestic wiring components
Examination of different fuse types
Calculation of appropriate fuse ratings
Demonstration of circuit breaker operation
Discussion on electrical safety

Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A)
Circuit breakers
Fuse wire samples
Electrical appliances
Calculators
Safety equipment samples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 122-123

Mains Electricity

Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs
Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the ring mains circuit
Explain advantages of ring mains system
Wire a three-pin plug correctly
Identify wire color coding in electrical systems

Q&A on fuses and safety devices
Drawing ring mains circuit diagrams
Practical wiring of three-pin plugs
Color coding identification exercise
Safety demonstration with earthing

Three-pin plugs
Electrical cables
Wire strippers
Screwdrivers
Ring mains circuit model
Color-coded wires
Calculators
Sample electricity bills
Electrical appliances with ratings
Stop watches
Energy meter model
Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 124-125

Mains Electricity

Problem Solving and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Solve complex problems on power transmission
Calculate energy consumption for multiple appliances
Analyze electricity costs and savings
Apply knowledge to real-life situations

Review of all chapter concepts
Problem-solving sessions
Group work on complex calculations
Discussion on energy conservation
Preparation for assessment

Calculators
Problem sheets
Past examination questions
Real electricity bills
Energy conservation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 117-128

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

Thermionic Emission
Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define thermionic emission
Explain the process of electron emission from heated metals
Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate thermionic emission
State factors affecting thermionic emission

Identify the main parts of a CRO
Describe the function of the electron gun
Explain the focusing system in CRO
Describe the deflection system (X and Y plates)

Q&A on electron structure and energy
Demonstration of thermionic emission using simple circuit
Discussion on work function of different metals
Explanation of electron emission process
Identification of materials used in cathodes
Q&A on cathode ray properties
Examination of CRO structure using diagrams
Identification of CRO components
Drawing and labeling CRO parts
Explanation of electron gun operation

Simple thermionic emission apparatus
Low voltage power supply (6V)
Milliammeter
Evacuated glass bulb
Heated filament
Charts showing electron emission
Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT)
Fluorescent screen
Maltese cross or opaque object
Bar magnets
Charged plates
CRO (demonstration model)
Charts showing CRO structure
Diagrams of electron gun
Models of deflection plates
High voltage power supply

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-132
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 133-135

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

CRO Controls and Operation
CRO as a Voltmeter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the function of brightness and focus controls
Describe vertical and horizontal deflection systems
Explain the time base operation
Demonstrate basic CRO operation

Review of CRO structure
Demonstration of CRO controls
Explanation of time base voltage
Practice with focus and brightness adjustment
Observation of spot movement across screen

Working CRO
Signal generator
Connecting leads
Various input signals
Time base control charts
Oscilloscope manual
DC power supplies
AC signal sources
Digital voltmeter
Graph paper
Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 135-137

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

Frequency Measurement using CRO

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Measure frequency of AC signals using CRO
Calculate period and frequency from CRO traces
Apply the relationship f = 1/T
Determine peak voltage of AC signals

Review of voltage measurement with CRO
Demonstration of AC signal display on CRO
Measurement of wavelength and period
Calculation of frequency from time base setting
Practice problems on frequency determination

Working CRO with time base
Audio frequency generator
Connecting leads
Graph paper for measurements
Calculators
Stop watch

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 139-141

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

The Television Tube
Problem Solving and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of a TV tube
Explain differences between CRO and TV tube
Describe magnetic deflection in TV tubes
Explain image formation in television

Q&A on CRO applications
Comparison of TV tube with CRO
Explanation of magnetic deflection coils
Description of signal processing in TV
Discussion on color TV operation

TV tube (demonstration model)
Deflection coils
TV receiver (old CRT type)
Charts comparing TV and CRO
Color TV tube diagram
Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Sample CRO traces
Past examination questions
Graph paper
Reference materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 141-142

X-Rays

Production of X-Rays
Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts
Hard and Soft X-Rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of an X-ray tube
Explain how X-rays are produced
State the conditions necessary for X-ray production
Identify the components of an X-ray tube and their functions

Distinguish between hard and soft X-rays
Explain factors affecting X-ray hardness
Relate accelerating voltage to X-ray penetrating power
Describe intensity and quantity control of X-rays

Q&A on cathode rays and electron beams
Drawing and labeling X-ray tube structure
Explanation of electron acceleration and collision process
Description of anode and cathode materials
Discussion on cooling systems in X-ray tubes
Q&A on X-ray properties and energy
Comparison of hard and soft X-rays characteristics
Discussion on penetrating power differences
Explanation of voltage effects on X-ray quality
Analysis of X-ray intensity control methods

Charts showing X-ray tube structure
Diagram of X-ray production process
Models of rotating anode
Pictures of medical X-ray equipment
Video clips of X-ray tube operation
Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Energy calculation worksheets
Constants and formulae charts
Sample X-ray images
Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays
Penetration demonstration materials
Voltage control diagrams
Medical X-ray examples
Industrial X-ray applications

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 144-145
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 147-148

X-Rays

Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry
Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe medical uses of X-rays (radiography and radiotherapy)
Explain industrial applications of X-rays
Describe use in crystallography and security
Analyze the importance of point source X-rays

Review of hard and soft X-rays
Discussion on medical imaging techniques
Explanation of CT scans and their advantages
Description of industrial flaw detection
Analysis of airport security applications

Medical X-ray images
CT scan pictures
Industrial radiography examples
Crystal diffraction patterns
Airport security equipment photos
Charts of various X-ray applications
Safety equipment samples (lead aprons)
Radiation warning signs
Pictures of X-ray protection facilities
Dosimeter badges
Charts showing radiation effects
Safety protocol posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 148-149

X-Rays

Problem Solving and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Solve numerical problems involving X-ray energy and wavelength
Apply X-ray principles to practical situations
Calculate minimum wavelength of X-rays
Evaluate advantages and limitations of X-ray technology

Review of all X-ray concepts
Problem-solving sessions on energy calculations
Analysis of real-world X-ray applications
Discussion on modern developments in X-ray technology
Assessment and evaluation exercises

Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Past examination questions
Real X-ray case studies
Modern X-ray technology articles
Assessment materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 144-149