Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - The atom

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term 'atom'
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about the atom

- Discuss the meaning of the term 'atom' using dictionaries or digital resources
- Use digital media to observe animations on the structure of an atom
- Draw and discuss the structure of an atom

Why learn about the structure of the atom?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 2
- Chart showing the structure of an atom
- Dictionary
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Subatomic particles
Structure of the atom - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Describe the location of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
- Appreciate the composition of an atom

- Explain atomic number
- Explain mass number
- Show interest in atomic numbers and mass numbers

- Study diagrams of the atom
- Identify different particles found in an atom
- Discuss the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Discuss the meaning of atomic number and mass number
- Write atomic representations of elements
- Use charts to understand atomic numbers

What is an atom?
What do atomic number and mass number represent?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 3
- Charts showing atomic structure
- Digital resources
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 4
- Periodic table
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Calculating mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the mass number of elements
- Calculate the number of neutrons in atoms
- Show interest in atomic calculations

- Work out the mass number of elements with peers
- Complete table showing atomic numbers and mass numbers
- Discuss isotopes

How do we calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 5
- Periodic table
- Calculators

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electron arrangement in atoms
- Draw energy level diagrams
- Show interest in electron arrangement

- Discuss how electrons are arranged in energy levels
- Draw energy level diagrams
- Use digital media to observe animations on electron arrangement

How are electrons arranged in an atom?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 8
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Electron arrangement diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw electron arrangements for different elements
- Explain energy levels in atoms
- Appreciate the pattern in electron arrangements

- Draw electron arrangements of different elements
- Discuss the electron configuration of atoms
- Use digital media to observe animations on electron arrangement

How do we draw the electron arrangement of elements?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 9
- Periodic table
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Valence electrons
Structure of the atom - Classifying elements
Structure of the atom - Properties of metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify valence electrons in atoms
- Explain the significance of valence electrons
- Show interest in electron arrangement

- Classify elements as metals or non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Explain how electron arrangement determines metallic properties
- Show interest in classification of elements

- Identify valence electrons in electron arrangement diagrams
- Discuss the importance of valence electrons
- Use digital media to observe animations on valence electrons
- Study electron arrangements of different elements
- Group elements as metals or non-metals based on electron arrangement
- Discuss the relationship between electron arrangement and metallic properties

What are valence electrons?
How can one distinguish metals and non-metals based on electron arrangement?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 10
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 11
- Periodic table
- Charts
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 12

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Modelling atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify materials for modeling atomic structure
- Plan how to model atoms
- Show interest in atomic structure

- Identify locally available materials for modeling atoms
- Plan how to make models of atoms
- Collect materials needed for modeling

Which locally available materials can one use to model elements?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 13
- Local materials for modeling
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Creating models

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create atomic models using local materials
- Label parts of the atomic model
- Appreciate atomic structure

- Model atomic structures using locally available materials
- Label the components of the atomic models
- Display models in class

How can we model atomic structures of elements?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 13
- Local materials for modeling
- Softboard
- Glue

- Observation - Project work - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Presenting models

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Present models of atoms
- Explain components of atom models
- Show interest in atomic structure

- Present atomic models to class
- Explain the components represented in the models
- Discuss the structure of atoms using models

How can we model atomic structures effectively?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 14
- Completed atomic models
- Charts

- Observation - Oral presentation - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Structure of the atom - Review
Structure of the atom - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about atomic structure
- Relate atomic structure to properties of elements
- Show interest in atomic structure

- Answer questions on atomic structure
- Calculate atomic properties
- Show confidence in knowledge of atomic structure

- Review key concepts about atoms
- Discuss the relationship between atomic structure and properties of elements
- Create summary notes
- Attempt questions on atomic structure
- Calculate atomic number, mass number, and number of neutrons
- Review and discuss solutions

How does atomic structure determine the properties of elements?
How can we apply our knowledge of atomic structure?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 15
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 16
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test
- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Identifying metals and non-metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify metals and non-metals in the environment
- Classify materials as metals or non-metals
- Show interest in classification of materials

- Observe various materials in the environment
- Classify materials as metals or non-metals
- Discuss the general properties of metals and non-metals

Why learn about metals and alloys?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 17
- Various metal and non-metal samples
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Physical properties of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify physical properties of metals
- Describe the physical properties of metals
- Appreciate the properties of metals

- Observe various metals
- Discuss physical properties of metals
- Use digital media to search for information on properties of metals

What are the physical properties of metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 18
- Metal samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Colour of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe the colour of common metals
- Compare the appearance of different metals
- Appreciate the appearance of metals

- Observe the colours of various metals
- Polish metals using sandpaper or steel wool
- Discuss the colour of freshly cut sodium

What is the colour of common metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 19
- Metal samples
- Sandpaper/steel wool
- White tile

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Ductility and malleability
Metals and alloys - Thermal conductivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ductility and malleability
- Demonstrate ductility and malleability of metals
- Appreciate these properties of metals

- Investigate thermal conductivity of metals
- Demonstrate the procedure for testing thermal conductivity
- Show interest in properties of metals

- Look up meanings of 'ductile' and 'malleable'
- Demonstrate the stretching of copper wire
- Hammer aluminum and observe changes
- Set up apparatus to test thermal conductivity
- Place candle wax on a metallic spatula and heat
- Observe and discuss results

How do the properties of ductility and malleability make metals useful?
Which experiment can one conduct to determine thermal conductivity of metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 19
- Metal samples
- Hammer
- Dictionary
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 20
- Metallic spatula
- Candle wax
- Source of heat

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Electrical conductivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate electrical conductivity of metals
- Compare conductivity in different materials
- Show interest in properties of metals

- Set up a circuit with dry cells, connecting wires, and a bulb
- Complete the circuit using various materials
- Observe and discuss results

How do metals conduct electricity compared to non-metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 20
- Dry cells
- Connecting wires
- Bulb and holder
- Various materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - State of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the state of metals at room temperature
- Explain that mercury is a liquid metal
- Summarize physical properties of metals

- Observe mercury in a thermometer
- Discuss the state of various metals at room temperature
- Create a summary of physical properties of metals

What is unique about mercury compared to other metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 21
- Thermometer containing mercury
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Alloy definition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define an alloy
- Identify common alloys in the environment
- Show interest in alloys

- Discuss the meaning of alloy
- Observe items made of alloys
- Read information about alloy compositions

What is an alloy?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 22
- Items made of alloys
- Textbooks
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Composition of brass and steel
Metals and alloys - Composition of bronze and stainless steel
Metals and alloys - Uses of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the composition of brass
- Describe the composition of steel
- Appreciate composition of alloys

- Describe the composition of bronze
- Describe the composition of stainless steel and duralumin
- Appreciate composition of alloys

- Discuss the composition of brass (copper and zinc)
- Discuss the composition of steel (iron and carbon)
- Research alloy compositions using digital resources
- Discuss the composition of bronze (copper and tin)
- Discuss the composition of stainless steel and duralumin
- Research alloy compositions using digital resources

What is the composition of common alloys?
What are stainless steel and duralumin made of?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 22
- Items made of brass and steel
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 23
- Items made of bronze and stainless steel
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Items made of metals
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Uses of alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of alloys in day-to-day life
- Explain why specific alloys are used for certain purposes
- Appreciate the importance of alloys

- Discuss uses of brass, steel, and bronze
- Create tables showing uses of alloys in daily life
- Research uses of alloys using digital resources

What are the uses of different alloys in daily life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 24
- Digital resources
- Items made of alloys
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Value of metals and alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the value of metals and alloys
- Explain factors that determine the value of metals
- Show interest in the value of metals and alloys

- Read about the value of gold, copper, and steel
- Discuss factors that determine the value of metals and alloys
- Research the value of metals and alloys

What is the value of various metals and alloys?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 24
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Newspaper articles

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what rusting is
- Investigate causes of rusting
- Show interest in the process of rusting

- Set up an experiment to investigate causes of rusting
- Observe iron nails in different conditions
- Discuss conditions necessary for rusting

What causes rusting of metals?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 25
- Iron nails
- Test tubes
- Test tube corks
- Olive oil
- Anhydrous calcium chloride

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Effects of rusting
Metals and alloys - Prevention of rusting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of rusting
- Explain the impact of rusting on objects
- Show interest in the effects of rusting

- Describe methods of preventing rusting
- Explain how each method works
- Show interest in rust prevention

- Observe rusted objects
- Discuss the effects of rusting on appearance, strength, and conductivity
- Research effects of rusting using digital resources
- Read about methods of preventing rusting
- Discuss methods like painting, oiling, galvanizing
- Research methods using digital resources

How does rusting affect metal objects and their uses?
How can we prevent metals from rusting?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 26
- Rusted objects
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 27
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize properties of metals
- Summarize composition and uses of alloys
- Show confidence in knowledge about metals and alloys

- Review properties of metals
- Discuss composition and uses of alloys
- Create summary notes

Why is knowledge about metals and alloys important in everyday life?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 28
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Textbooks

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Metals and alloys - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on metals and alloys
- Apply knowledge on properties and uses of metals and alloys
- Show confidence in knowledge about metals and alloys

- Attempt questions on metals and alloys
- Discuss solutions to questions
- Review key concepts

How does understanding metals and alloys help us in technology development?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 29
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Physical properties of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of water
- Investigate the colour and odour of water
- Show interest in properties of water

- Observe distilled water
- Investigate whether distilled water has colour and odour
- Discuss physical properties of water

Why learn about water hardness?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 30
- Distilled water
- Glass beakers
- Water from different sources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Taste of water
Water hardness - Boiling point of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate whether water has a taste
- Compare taste of water from different sources
- Show interest in properties of water

- Determine the boiling point of water
- Compare boiling points of water from different sources
- Show interest in properties of water

- Taste water from different safe sources
- Compare the taste of water from different sources
- Discuss why water may have different tastes
- Set up apparatus to determine boiling point
- Heat water and record temperature changes
- Compare boiling points of different water samples

Does water have a taste?
How do impurities affect the boiling point of water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 31
- Water from different safe sources
- Clean cups
- Charts
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 32
- Water samples
- Thermometer
- Boiling tube
- Source of heat

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define hard and soft water
- Distinguish between hard and soft water
- Show interest in water hardness

- Add soap to distilled water and tap water
- Observe lathering and formation of scum
- Discuss the difference between hard and soft water

Why is hard water preferred for drinking?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 33
- Distilled water
- Tap water
- Soap solution
- Beakers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Testing water hardness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test water hardness using soap
- Compare lathering ability of different water samples
- Show interest in water hardness

- Set up apparatus to test water hardness
- Add soap solution to different water samples
- Record and compare results

How can one distinguish between hard and soft water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 34
- Water samples
- Soap solution
- Conical flasks
- Burette

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Differences between hard and soft water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the differences between hard and soft water
- Explain the ions responsible for water hardness
- Appreciate differences between hard and soft water

- Review results from previous experiment
- Discuss ions responsible for water hardness
- Summarize differences between hard and soft water

What causes water to be hard?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 34
- Previous experimental results
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Advantages of water
Water hardness - Disadvantages of hard water
Water hardness - Methods of softening

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline advantages of soft water
- Outline advantages of hard water
- Show interest in applications of water

- Outline disadvantages of hard water
- Explain effects of hard water on appliances
- Show interest in water hardness

- Research advantages of soft and hard water
- Discuss findings in groups
- Present findings to class
- Research disadvantages of hard water
- Observe kettle with scale formation
- Discuss effects of hard water on soap usage

What are the benefits of using soft water?
How does hard water affect household appliances?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 35
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Charts
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 36
- Kettle with scale
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 37
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening by boiling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by boiling
- Test effectiveness of boiling in water softening
- Apply water softening skills

- Boil hard water samples
- Test lathering ability before and after boiling
- Compare and discuss results

How effective is boiling in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 38
- Hard water samples
- Source of heat
- Soap solution
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening by distillation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water by distillation
- Test effectiveness of distillation in water softening
- Apply water softening skills

- Set up simple distillation apparatus
- Distill hard water
- Test lathering ability of distillate
- Compare and discuss results

How effective is distillation in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 39
- Hard water samples
- Distillation apparatus
- Soap solution
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Softening using washing soda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Soften hard water using washing soda
- Test effectiveness of chemical treatment
- Apply water softening skills

- Add washing soda to hard water
- Filter the mixture
- Test lathering ability of filtrate
- Compare and discuss results

How effective are chemicals in softening hard water?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 40
- Hard water samples
- Washing soda
- Filter funnel and paper
- Soap solution

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Applications
Water hardness - Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of soft water in daily life
- Describe applications of hard water in daily life
- Appreciate the importance of water hardness knowledge

- Summarize physical properties of water
- Summarize differences between hard and soft water
- Show confidence in knowledge about water hardness

- Research applications of soft and hard water
- Discuss appropriate uses for each type of water
- Create posters showing applications
- Review physical properties of water
- Discuss differences between hard and soft water
- Create summary notes

How do we apply knowledge of water hardness in daily life?
Why is understanding water hardness important?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 41
- Digital resources
- Textbooks
- Charts
- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 43
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Textbooks

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations
- Observation - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Applications of knowledge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge on water hardness to solve problems
- Choose appropriate water for specific applications
- Show confidence in water hardness knowledge

- Present scenarios requiring water hardness knowledge
- Discuss solutions to real-life problems
- Create awareness materials on water hardness

How can we help others understand water hardness?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 43
- Previous notes
- Charts
- Real-life scenarios

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Water hardness - Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on water hardness
- Apply knowledge on water properties and hardness
- Show confidence in knowledge about water hardness

- Attempt questions on water hardness
- Discuss solutions to questions
- Review key concepts

How does understanding water hardness help us make better choices?

- Oxford Integrated Science pg. 44
- Assessment questions
- Previous notes

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions