Floating and Sinking

Introduction and Cause of Upthrust
Upthrust in Gases and Archimedes' Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects feel lighter in fluids; Define upthrust and identify its effects; Perform Experiment 3.1 investigating upthrust and weight of fluid displaced; Derive mathematical expression for upthrust using pressure concepts; Verify Archimedes' principle experimentally

Q/A on pressure in liquids; Introduction using steel ferry floating on water; Performance of Experiment 3.1 - relationship between upthrust and weight of displaced fluid; Mathematical derivation of upthrust U = ρVg; Analysis of experimental results; Discussion of pressure differences causing upthrust

Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation
Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 58-63

Floating and Sinking

Law of Flotation and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships

Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects

Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69

Floating and Sinking

Relative Density Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative density of solids and liquids; Use Archimedes' principle to determine relative density; Apply the formula: RD = Weight in air/(Weight in air - Weight in fluid); Solve Examples 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 from textbook; Calculate relative density using different methods

Review of density concepts through Q/A; Introduction to relative density using practical examples; Mathematical derivation of relative density formulae; Step-by-step solution of Examples 8-12; Practical determination of relative density for various materials; Group calculations and comparisons

Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 69-74

Floating and Sinking

Archimedes' Principle and Moments
Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments
Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing
Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels

Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy
Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications

Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials
Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration
Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic waves and identify their nature; State properties common to all electromagnetic waves; Arrange electromagnetic radiations in order of wavelength and frequency; Calculate wave properties using c = fλ; Solve Examples 1 and 2 from textbook

Q/A on wave concepts from previous studies; Introduction to electromagnetic waves using everyday examples; Study of electromagnetic spectrum chart; Discussion of wave properties (speed, frequency, wavelength); Mathematical relationship between wave parameters; Solution of Examples 1 and 2 involving calculations

Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 79-81

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II
Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking
Hazards and Safety Considerations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain applications of ultraviolet radiation; Describe uses of visible light in technology; Understand infrared applications in heating and imaging; Analyze microwave applications in cooking and radar; Discuss radio wave applications in communication
Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use

Q/A on high-energy radiation applications; Study of UV applications (fluorescence, sterilization, vitamin D, forgery detection); Analysis of visible light uses (photography, optical fibers, lasers); Exploration of infrared applications (heating, night vision, remote controls); Discussion of microwave and radio wave technologies
Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices
Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-85
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85

Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction and Historical Background

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic induction and its significance; Explain Faraday's discovery and its impact on modern technology; Understand the relationship between magnetism and electricity; Identify examples of electromagnetic induction in daily life; Appreciate the importance of relative motion in electromagnetic phenomena

Q/A on magnetic fields and electric current relationships from previous studies; Introduction to Michael Faraday's discovery and its historical significance; Discussion of electromagnetic induction examples in daily life (generators, transformers, motors); Overview of chapter content and learning objectives; Introduction to practical applications in power generation and electronics

Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86

Electromagnetic Induction

Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor; Identify conditions necessary for inducing e.m.f. in a straight conductor; Observe effects of different types of motion on induced current; Understand the importance of relative motion between conductor and magnetic field; Analyze galvanometer deflections

Performance of Experiment 5.1 using straight conductor AB in U-shaped magnet; Systematic investigation of conductor movement (vertical up/down, parallel to field, stationary, different angles); Observation and recording of galvanometer deflections; Analysis of current direction changes with motion reversal; Discussion of relative motion importance and field cutting concept

Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets
Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86-87

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.2 investigating rate of change effects; Understand relationship between speed of motion and induced e.m.f.; Collect and analyze data on rate of flux change; Establish that faster changes produce larger e.m.f.; Apply findings to practical situations

Performance of Experiment 5.2 investigating relationship between rate of change of magnetic flux and induced e.m.f.; Systematic variation of magnet withdrawal speeds (very fast, moderate, very slow); Recording and comparison of galvanometer deflections; Data analysis and conclusion drawing; Discussion of practical implications in generators and other applications

Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 88-89

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns
Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.3 investigating magnetic field strength effects; Understand relationship between field strength and induced e.m.f.; Control variables in electromagnetic experiments; Use electromagnets to vary field strength; Apply experimental findings to solve problems
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle

Performance of Experiment 5.3 investigating relationship between magnetic field strength and induced e.m.f.; Setup of electromagnet with variable current control; Investigation of wire PQ movement in different field strengths; Recording galvanometer deflections for different electromagnet currents; Analysis of results and relationship establishment
Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions

U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets
Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93

Electromagnetic Induction

Fleming's Right-Hand Rule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.6 with straight conductors; State Fleming's right-hand rule (dynamo rule); Apply the rule to determine direction of induced current; Understand relationship between motion, field, and current directions; Solve Example 1 involving square loop movement

Performance of Experiment 5.6 determining induced current direction in straight conductor; Introduction and demonstration of Fleming's right-hand rule; Practice applying the rule to various conductor movements; Step-by-step solution of Example 1 (square loop in magnetic field); Analysis of current directions in different parts of the loop; Verification of Fleming's rule consistency with Lenz's law

U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 93-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Applications of Induction Laws
Mutual Induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve Examples 2 and 3 involving current direction; Apply Lenz's law to predict current directions in circuits; Understand induced current effects in neighboring circuits; Analyze changing magnetic fields and their effects; Use both Fleming's rule and Lenz's law in problem solving

Q/A review of Fleming's rule and Lenz's law; Step-by-step solution of Example 2 (current in conductor AB affecting nearby loop); Detailed analysis of Example 3 (magnet movement and coil current direction); Practice problems involving current direction prediction; Group work on applying both laws to various scenarios; Discussion of consistency between different methods

Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators
Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 94-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformers - Basic Principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers

Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations

Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformer Equations and Calculations
Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6
Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive transformer turns rule equation; Apply transformer equations for voltage and current relationships; Calculate transformer efficiency; Solve Examples 4 and 5 involving transformer problems; Understand ideal vs practical transformer differences
Identify four main energy losses in transformers; Explain methods to minimize each type of energy loss; Understand lamination and its purpose; Solve Example 6 involving power transmission system; Calculate efficiency and power losses in practical systems

Q/A on transformer working principles; Mathematical derivation of turns rule (Vp/Vs = Np/Ns); Development of current relationship (IpVp = IsVs for ideal transformer); Introduction to efficiency calculations; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4 and 5; Discussion of ideal transformer assumptions vs practical limitations
Review of ideal transformer equations; Analysis of energy losses (flux leakage, copper losses, eddy currents, hysteresis loss); Study of loss minimization techniques including core lamination; Discussion of practical transformer efficiency; Step-by-step solution of Example 6 (complex power transmission system); Analysis of step-up and step-down transformer roles

Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data
Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids
A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 102-105
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 105-108

Mains Electricity

Sources of Mains Electricity
The Grid System and Power Transmission
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the main sources of mains electricity
Explain how different sources generate electrical energy
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different power sources
Describe the environmental impact of various power sources

Prior knowledge review on electrical energy
Discussion on local power sources in Kenya
Field trip planning to nearby power station
Group presentations on different power sources
Q&A session on power generation methods

Pictures of power stations
Charts showing different energy sources
Videos of power generation
Maps of Kenya's power grid
Sample coal, biomass materials
Chart of national grid system
Transmission line models
Maps showing power lines
Transformer models
Voltage measurement devices
Calculators
Worked example sheets
Pictures of transmission towers
Safety warning signs
Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 117

Mains Electricity

Domestic Wiring System
Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices
Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the domestic wiring system
Identify components of consumer fuse box
Explain the function of live, neutral and earth wires
Draw simple domestic wiring circuits

Q&A on transmission systems
Examination of house wiring components
Drawing domestic wiring diagrams
Identification of electrical safety features
Practical observation of electrical installations

House wiring components
Fuse box model
Different types of fuses
Electrical cables (samples)
Circuit diagrams
Multimeter
Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A)
Circuit breakers
Fuse wire samples
Electrical appliances
Calculators
Safety equipment samples
Three-pin plugs
Electrical cables
Wire strippers
Screwdrivers
Ring mains circuit model
Color-coded wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 121-124

Mains Electricity

Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing
Problem Solving and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Calculate electrical energy consumption
Determine cost of electrical energy
Apply energy formulas to practical problems

Review of power and energy concepts
Introduction to kilowatt-hour unit
Worked examples on energy calculations
Practice problems on electricity billing
Analysis of electricity bills

Calculators
Sample electricity bills
Electrical appliances with ratings
Stop watches
Energy meter model
Formula charts
Problem sheets
Past examination questions
Real electricity bills
Energy conservation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 125-128

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

Thermionic Emission
Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
CRO Controls and Operation
CRO as a Voltmeter
Frequency Measurement using CRO

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define thermionic emission
Explain the process of electron emission from heated metals
Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate thermionic emission
State factors affecting thermionic emission

Explain the function of brightness and focus controls
Describe vertical and horizontal deflection systems
Explain the time base operation
Demonstrate basic CRO operation

Q&A on electron structure and energy
Demonstration of thermionic emission using simple circuit
Discussion on work function of different metals
Explanation of electron emission process
Identification of materials used in cathodes
Review of CRO structure
Demonstration of CRO controls
Explanation of time base voltage
Practice with focus and brightness adjustment
Observation of spot movement across screen

Simple thermionic emission apparatus
Low voltage power supply (6V)
Milliammeter
Evacuated glass bulb
Heated filament
Charts showing electron emission
Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT)
Fluorescent screen
Maltese cross or opaque object
Bar magnets
Charged plates
CRO (demonstration model)
Charts showing CRO structure
Diagrams of electron gun
Models of deflection plates
High voltage power supply
Working CRO
Signal generator
Connecting leads
Various input signals
Time base control charts
Oscilloscope manual
DC power supplies
AC signal sources
Digital voltmeter
Graph paper
Calculators
Working CRO with time base
Audio frequency generator
Graph paper for measurements
Stop watch

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-132
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 135-137

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
X-Rays

The Television Tube
Problem Solving and Applications
Production of X-Rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of a TV tube
Explain differences between CRO and TV tube
Describe magnetic deflection in TV tubes
Explain image formation in television

Q&A on CRO applications
Comparison of TV tube with CRO
Explanation of magnetic deflection coils
Description of signal processing in TV
Discussion on color TV operation

TV tube (demonstration model)
Deflection coils
TV receiver (old CRT type)
Charts comparing TV and CRO
Color TV tube diagram
Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Sample CRO traces
Past examination questions
Graph paper
Reference materials
Charts showing X-ray tube structure
Diagram of X-ray production process
Models of rotating anode
Pictures of medical X-ray equipment
Video clips of X-ray tube operation

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 141-142

X-Rays

Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts
Hard and Soft X-Rays
Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the properties of X-rays
Explain X-rays as electromagnetic radiation
Calculate the energy of X-rays using E = hf
Relate X-ray energy to accelerating voltage

Review of X-ray production
Demonstration of X-ray properties using simulations
Calculation of X-ray energy and frequency
Problem-solving on energy-voltage relationships
Comparison with other electromagnetic radiations

Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Energy calculation worksheets
Constants and formulae charts
Sample X-ray images
Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays
Penetration demonstration materials
Voltage control diagrams
Medical X-ray examples
Industrial X-ray applications
Medical X-ray images
CT scan pictures
Industrial radiography examples
Crystal diffraction patterns
Airport security equipment photos
Charts of various X-ray applications

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 145-147

X-Rays

Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions
Problem Solving and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the dangers of X-ray exposure
Describe cumulative effects of radiation
State safety precautions for X-ray workers
Explain protective measures in X-ray facilities

Q&A on X-ray applications
Discussion on biological effects of X-rays
Explanation of radiation protection principles
Description of lead shielding and protective equipment
Analysis of safety protocols in medical facilities

Safety equipment samples (lead aprons)
Radiation warning signs
Pictures of X-ray protection facilities
Dosimeter badges
Charts showing radiation effects
Safety protocol posters
Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Past examination questions
Real X-ray case studies
Modern X-ray technology articles
Assessment materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 149

Photoelectric Effect

Demonstration and Introduction to Photoelectric Effect
Light Energy and Quantum Theory
Einstein's Photoelectric Equation and Work Function
Factors Affecting Photoelectric Effect
Applications of Photoelectric Effect
Problem Solving and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define photoelectric effect
Describe experiments to demonstrate photoelectric effect
Explain observations from photoelectric experiments
Identify conditions necessary for photoelectric emission

Explain how intensity affects photoelectric emission
Describe the relationship between frequency and kinetic energy
Analyze the effect of different metal types
Interpret graphs of stopping potential vs frequency

Q&A on electromagnetic radiation and light
Demonstration using zinc plate and UV lamp
Experiment with charged electroscope and UV radiation
Observation and explanation of leaf divergence changes
Discussion on electron emission from metal surfaces
Review of Einstein's equation applications
Experimental analysis of intensity effects
Investigation of frequency-energy relationships
Interpretation of stopping potential graphs
Calculation of Planck's constant from experimental data

UV lamp (mercury vapor)
Zinc plate
Gold leaf electroscope
Glass barrier
Metal plates
Galvanometer
Connecting wires
Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Planck's constant reference
Worked example sheets
Wave equation materials
Color filters
Work function data table
Einstein's equation reference
Metal samples (theoretical)
Energy level diagrams
Problem-solving worksheets
Experimental setup diagrams
Graph paper
Stopping potential data
Frequency vs energy graphs
Different metal characteristics
Calculators
Photoemissive cell samples
Light-dependent resistor (LDR)
Solar panel demonstration
Application circuit diagrams
Conveyor belt counting model
Burglar alarm circuit
Comprehensive problem sets
Past examination questions
Constants and formulae sheets
Assessment materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 151-153
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 156-160

Radioactivity

Atomic Structure and Nuclear Notation
Nuclear Stability and Discovery of Radioactivity
Types of Radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the structure of atoms
Define atomic number and mass number
Use nuclear notation to represent atoms
Explain isotopes and their significance

Q&A on atomic theory and electron structure
Drawing atomic structures of hydrogen, helium, and neon
Practice with nuclear notation and symbol writing
Discussion on isotopes and their properties
Identification of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Atomic structure models
Periodic table
Nuclear notation examples
Isotope charts
Atomic structure diagrams
Element samples (safe)
Historical pictures of scientists
Stability curve graph
Nuclear stability charts
Uranium compound samples (pictures)
Photographic plate demonstrations
Magnetic field demonstration setup
Radiation source (simulation)
Lead box model
Nuclear equation examples
Property comparison charts
Deflection diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 166-167

Radioactivity

Alpha and Beta Decay Processes
Penetrating Power of Radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Write nuclear equations for alpha decay
Write nuclear equations for beta decay
Calculate changes in mass and atomic numbers
Solve problems involving radioactive decay chains

Review of radiation types and properties
Step-by-step writing of alpha decay equations
Practice with beta decay equation writing
Problem-solving on decay processes
Analysis of decay chain examples

Nuclear equation worksheets
Decay chain diagrams
Calculators
Periodic table
Practice problem sets
Worked examples
Absorber materials (paper, aluminum, lead)
Radiation detector simulation
Absorption curve graphs
Range measurement diagrams
Safety equipment models
Penetration demonstration setup

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 168-170

Radioactivity

Ionising Effects of Radiations
Radiation Detectors - Photographic Emulsions and Cloud Chambers
Geiger-Muller Tube and Background Radiation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain how radiations cause ionization
Compare ionizing abilities of different radiations
Relate ionization to radiation energy and speed
Describe applications of ionization effects

Review of penetrating power concepts
Explanation of ionization process
Comparison of ionizing powers of alpha, beta, and gamma
Discussion on relationship between ionization and energy loss
Analysis of ionization applications

Ionization chamber models
Ion formation diagrams
Comparison charts of ionizing power
Air molecule models
Energy transfer illustrations
Ionization applications examples
Photographic film samples
Cloud chamber diagrams
Track pattern examples
Dry ice demonstration setup
Alcohol vapor materials
Detection comparison charts
G-M tube model/diagram
High voltage supply diagrams
Pulse amplification illustrations
Background radiation source charts
Count rate measurement examples
Cosmic ray detection materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 172

Radioactivity

Decay Law and Mathematical Treatment
Half-life Calculations and Applications
Applications of Radioactivity - Carbon Dating and Medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the radioactive decay law
Explain the random nature of radioactive decay
Use the decay equation N = N₀e^(-λt)
Define and calculate decay constant

Explain carbon dating principles
Describe medical uses of radioisotopes
Analyze radiotherapy and diagnostic applications
Calculate ages using carbon-14 dating

Q&A on radiation detection methods
Explanation of spontaneous and random decay
Derivation of decay law equation
Introduction to decay constant concept
Mathematical treatment of decay processes
Q&A on half-life calculations
Explanation of carbon-14 formation and decay
Worked examples of carbon dating calculations
Discussion on medical applications of radiation
Analysis of radiotherapy and sterilization uses

Mathematical formula charts
Decay curve examples
Calculators
Exponential function graphs
Statistical concepts illustrations
Decay constant calculations
Graph paper
Half-life data tables
Sample calculation problems
Radioactive material half-life charts
Carbon dating examples
Archaeological samples (pictures)
Medical radioisotope charts
Gamma ray therapy illustrations
Dating calculation worksheets
Medical application diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 176-178
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182

Radioactivity

Industrial and Agricultural Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe industrial uses of radioactivity
Explain thickness gauging and flaw detection
Analyze agricultural applications with tracers
Evaluate leak detection methods

Review of medical applications
Explanation of industrial thickness measurement
Description of weld testing and flaw detection
Discussion on radioactive tracers in agriculture
Analysis of pipe leak detection methods

Industrial thickness gauge models
Flaw detection examples
Tracer experiment diagrams
Agricultural application charts
Leak detection illustrations
Industrial radiography samples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182

Radioactivity

Hazards of Radiation and Safety Precautions
Nuclear Fission Process and Chain Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain biological effects of radiation exposure
Describe acute and chronic radiation effects
State safety precautions for handling radioactive materials
Analyze radiation protection principles

Q&A on radioactivity applications
Discussion on radiation damage to living cells
Explanation of radiation sickness and cancer risks
Description of safety equipment and procedures
Analysis of radiation protection in hospitals and labs

Safety equipment samples
Radiation warning signs
Protective clothing examples
Lead shielding materials
Dosimeter badges
Safety protocol posters
Nuclear fission diagrams
Chain reaction illustrations
Uranium nucleus models
Neutron bombardment demonstrations
Energy release calculations
Nuclear reactor pictures

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 182-183

Radioactivity

Nuclear Fusion and Energy Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define nuclear fusion
Explain fusion reactions in light nuclei
Compare fusion and fission energy release
Describe fusion applications and challenges

Q&A on nuclear fission and chain reactions
Explanation of nuclear fusion principles
Analysis of hydrogen isotope fusion reactions
Comparison of fusion vs fission advantages
Discussion on stellar fusion and fusion reactors

Nuclear fusion reaction diagrams
Stellar fusion illustrations
Fusion reactor concepts
Energy comparison charts
Temperature and pressure requirement data
Fusion research pictures

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 184

Radioactivity
Electronics
Electronics

Comprehensive Review and Problem Solving
Introduction to Electronics and Energy Band Theory
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
Intrinsic Semiconductors and Crystal Structure
Doping Process and Extrinsic Semiconductors
n-type Semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Solve complex radioactivity problems
Apply all radioactivity concepts to practical situations
Analyze examination-type questions
Evaluate nuclear technology benefits and risks

Define intrinsic semiconductors
Describe silicon and germanium crystal structures
Explain covalent bonding in semiconductor crystals
Analyze electron-hole pair formation

Comprehensive review of all chapter concepts
Problem-solving sessions covering decay, half-life, and applications
Analysis of nuclear equations and calculations
Discussion on future of nuclear technology
Assessment and evaluation exercises
Q&A on material classification
Examination of silicon crystal structure
Drawing covalent bonding diagrams
Explanation of electron-hole pair creation
Analysis of temperature effects on intrinsic semiconductors

Calculators
Comprehensive problem sets
Past examination questions
Nuclear data tables
Assessment materials
Reference books
Electronic devices samples
Energy level diagrams
Band theory charts
Atomic structure models
Crystal lattice illustrations
Energy band comparison charts
Material samples (metals, semiconductors, insulators)
Energy band diagrams for each type
Conductivity measurement setup
Temperature effect illustrations
Comparison charts
Multimeter for resistance testing
Silicon crystal models
Covalent bonding diagrams
Semiconductor samples
Crystal lattice structures
Electron-hole illustrations
Temperature demonstration materials
Doping process diagrams
Pure vs doped semiconductor samples
Impurity atom models
Conductivity comparison charts
Doping concentration illustrations
Electronic structure diagrams
n-type semiconductor models
Pentavalent atom diagrams
Charge carrier illustrations
Donor atom examples (phosphorus, arsenic)
Majority/minority carrier charts
Crystal structure with impurities

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 166-184
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 189-190

Electronics

p-type Semiconductors
Fixed Ions and Charge Carrier Movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe formation of p-type semiconductors
Identify trivalent acceptor atoms
Explain holes as majority charge carriers
Compare n-type and p-type semiconductors

Review of n-type semiconductor characteristics
Explanation of trivalent atom doping
Drawing p-type semiconductor structure
Analysis of holes as positive charge carriers
Comparison table of n-type vs p-type properties

p-type semiconductor models
Trivalent atom diagrams
Hole formation illustrations
Acceptor atom examples (boron, gallium)
Comparison charts
Crystal structure with acceptor atoms
Fixed ion diagrams
Charge mobility illustrations
Thermal excitation models
Electric field effect demonstrations
Carrier movement animations
Temperature effect charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 190-192

Electronics

The p-n Junction Formation
Biasing the p-n Junction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe formation of p-n junction
Explain charge carrier diffusion across junction
Define depletion layer and its properties
Analyze potential barrier formation

Review of charge carriers in doped semiconductors
Explanation of junction formation process
Description of initial charge diffusion
Analysis of depletion layer creation
Introduction to potential barrier concept

p-n junction models
Diffusion process diagrams
Depletion layer illustrations
Potential barrier graphs
Junction formation animations
Electric field diagrams
Biasing circuit diagrams
Forward bias demonstration setup
Reverse bias configuration
Current flow illustrations
Barrier potential graphs
Bias voltage sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 192-193

Electronics

Semiconductor Diode Characteristics
Diode Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe diode structure and symbol
Plot I-V characteristics of a diode
Explain cut-in voltage and breakdown voltage
Analyze non-ohmic behavior of diodes

Review of p-n junction biasing
Introduction to diode as electronic component
Experimental plotting of diode characteristics
Analysis of forward and reverse characteristics
Discussion on breakdown phenomena

Actual diodes (various types)
Diode characteristic curve graphs
Voltmeter and ammeter
Variable voltage source
Circuit breadboard
Graph plotting materials
Circuit analysis worksheets
Diode circuit examples
Calculators
Circuit simulation software
Problem-solving guides
Worked example sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 194-197

Electronics
Electronics
Physics Paper 1 Revision

Rectification - Half-wave and Full-wave
Smoothing Circuits and Applications Review
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define rectification and its purpose
Explain half-wave rectification process
Describe full-wave rectification methods
Compare different rectifier circuits

Explain capacitor smoothing in rectifiers
Analyze ripple reduction techniques
Evaluate rectifier efficiency and applications
Apply electronics principles to solve complex problems

Review of diode circuit analysis
Introduction to AC to DC conversion need
Demonstration of half-wave rectifier operation
Explanation of full-wave rectifier circuits
Analysis of bridge rectifier advantages
Q&A on rectification processes
Demonstration of capacitor smoothing effect
Analysis of ripple factor and efficiency
Discussion on practical rectifier applications
Comprehensive problem-solving session

Rectifier circuit diagrams
AC signal generator
Oscilloscope for waveform display
Transformer (center-tapped)
Bridge rectifier circuit
Load resistors
Smoothing capacitors
Ripple waveform displays
Efficiency calculation sheets
Power supply applications
Comprehensive problem sets
Assessment materials
Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 198-200
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 200-201

REVISION

Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision
Physics Paper 1 Revision

Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments
Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt extended problem solving under timed conditions – integrate knowledge from different Physics topics into answers – review performance using marking schemes and teacher feedback

Students attempt a timed set of paper 2 structured questions Class correction and teacher feedback session

Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Calculators
Apparatus Graph papers

KLB Physics Bk 1–4, Question papers

Physics paper 2 Revision
Physics Paper 3 Revision

Section B: Structured Questions Integrated Revision
Practical-Experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
– attempt extended problem solving under timed conditions – integrate knowledge from different Physics topics into answers – review performance using marking schemes and teacher feedback

Students attempt a timed set of paper 2 structured questions Class correction and teacher feedback session

Past Papers, Stopwatches, Chalkboard
Calculators
Apparatus Graph papers

KLB Physics Bk 1–4, Question papers