DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Definition of demand, effective demand and law of demand
Demand schedule, demand curve and interpretation
Factors influencing demand - comprehensive analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define demand and effective demand with examples
-Distinguish between desire and demand using real scenarios
-Explain purchasing power concept and its importance
-State the law of demand with detailed explanation
-Identify and explain ceteris paribus assumption
-Apply law of demand to various commodity examples

- Prepare individual and market demand schedules
-Interpret demand schedule data and relationships
-Draw demand curves from demand schedules
-Explain downward sloping nature of demand curves
-Plot and identify specific points on demand curves
-Compare individual vs market demand curves
-Analyze Table 1.1 bread example in detail

- Brainstorming on demand meaning using market scenarios
-Group discussions on desire vs demand with case studies
-Analysis of purchasing power using local examples
-Guided discovery of law of demand through price experiments
-Role play: buyer behavior at different price levels
-Practical applications using bread, milk, transport examples

- Practical preparation of demand schedules using textbook data
-Step-by-step construction of demand curves
-Analysis and interpretation of Table 1.1
-Guided plotting of Figure 1.2 with explanations
-Group work on creating different demand schedules
-Calculations and graph work with various commodities
-Discussion on slope significance and market implications

Textbook, charts, local commodity examples, market scenarios
Textbook, graph papers, rulers, calculators, Table 1.1 data
Textbook, case studies, examples of complementary goods, cultural scenarios

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 1-3
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 3-4

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Movement along demand curve vs shift in demand curve
Types of demand with detailed examples and applications
Meaning of supply, law of supply and supply schedule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain movement along demand curve in detail
-Distinguish between expansion and contraction of demand
-Identify specific factors causing movement along curve
-Explain shift in demand curve with multiple examples
-Identify factors causing rightward and leftward shifts
-Distinguish between increase and decrease in demand
-Draw detailed diagrams showing both movements and shifts
-Compare and contrast movement vs shift scenarios
-Apply concepts to real market situations

- Guided drawing of demand curve movements using Figure 1.3
-Step-by-step analysis of expansion vs contraction
-Detailed drawing of demand curve shifts using Figure 1.4
-Practical exercises showing rightward and leftward shifts
-Group work comparing movement vs shift scenarios
-Case studies on income changes causing shifts
-Analysis of price changes causing movements
-Comprehensive graph work with multiple examples

Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figure 1.3 and 1.4
Textbook, charts, local examples, case studies, Figure 1.5
Textbook, calculators, Table 1.2 data, charts, supplier examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 4-6

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Supply curve and factors influencing supply
Movement along supply curve, shift in supply curve and types of supply
Equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity and market analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw supply curves from supply schedules
-Explain upward sloping nature of supply curves
-Plot and identify specific points on supply curves
-Analyze Figure 1.6 in detail
-Identify and explain all 7 factors influencing supply
-Examine price and cost of production effects
-Analyze production technology impact on supply
-Discuss entry of new firms and natural factors
-Examine government policy and future expectations effects

- Guided construction of supply curves using Figure 1.6
-Step-by-step plotting with explanations
-Comprehensive analysis of all supply factors
-Case studies on production cost changes
-Discussion on technology improvements (machinery)
-Analysis of new firm entry effects (bakeries example)
-Examination of natural factors (weather, rainfall)
-Group work on government policy effects (taxation)
-Real-life examples of supply factor impacts

Graph papers, textbook, rulers, Figure 1.6, case studies, technology examples
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.7 and 1.8, agricultural examples
Textbook, calculators, graph papers, rulers, Table 1.3 data, Figure 1.9

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 7-9

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Excess demand, excess supply and market disequilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define excess demand and excess supply
-Calculate excess quantities using textbook examples
-Explain causes of market disequilibrium
-Analyze effects of setting prices below equilibrium
-Examine effects of setting prices above equilibrium
-Discuss market adjustment mechanisms
-Explain competitive actions of buyers and sellers
-Analyze shortage and surplus situations
-Predict market behavior in disequilibrium

- Detailed calculations using shs 15 and shs 25 examples
-Analysis of excess demand at shs 15 (60-30=30 units)
-Examination of excess supply at shs 25 (50-30=20 units)
-Discussion on competitive buyer action pushing prices up
-Analysis of competitive seller action pushing prices down
-Case studies on real market shortage situations
-Group work on surplus scenarios
-Role play: market adjustment processes

Textbook, calculators, market examples, shortage/surplus scenarios

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 11-12

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Effects of changes in demand on equilibrium
Effects of changes in supply on equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of increase in demand on equilibrium
-Analyze rightward shift of demand curve impacts
-Draw diagrams showing demand increase effects
-Examine effects of decrease in demand on equilibrium
-Analyze leftward shift of demand curve impacts
-Draw diagrams showing demand decrease effects
-Compare increase vs decrease effects
-Predict new equilibrium positions
-Apply to real market situations with examples

- Explain effects of increase in supply on equilibrium
-Analyze rightward shift of supply curve impacts
-Understand mixed effects on price and quantity
-Examine effects of decrease in supply on equilibrium
-Analyze leftward shift of supply curve impacts
-Draw detailed diagrams showing supply change effects
-Compare supply increase vs decrease effects
-Predict equilibrium changes for each scenario
-Apply to production and market scenarios

- Guided analysis of demand increase using Figure 1.10
-Step-by-step drawing of rightward demand shift
-Analysis of price rising from OP₁ to OP₂
-Examination of quantity increase from OQ₁ to OQ₂
-Detailed analysis of demand decrease using Figure 1.11
-Drawing of leftward demand shift
-Discussion on lowering effects on price and quantity
-Comparison exercises between increase and decrease
-Practical applications to consumer behavior changes

- Guided analysis of supply increase using Figure 1.12
-Step-by-step drawing of rightward supply shift
-Analysis of price falling due to excess supply
-Examination of quantity increase due to more supply
-Detailed analysis of supply decrease using Figure 1.13
-Drawing of leftward supply shift
-Discussion on price rising due to shortage
-Analysis of quantity decrease due to less supply
-Comparison exercises and practical applications

Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.10 and 1.11
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.12 and 1.13

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 12-14
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 14-16

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Simultaneous changes in demand and supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze simultaneous increase in demand and supply
-Examine increase in demand with decrease in supply
-Study decrease in demand with decrease in supply
-Analyze decrease in demand with increase in supply
-Understand proportionate vs disproportionate changes
-Predict effects on equilibrium price and quantity
-Draw complex diagrams showing simultaneous changes
-Compare all four combination scenarios
-Apply to real market situations

- Comprehensive analysis of Figure 1.14 (both increase)
-Detailed examination of Figure 1.15 (demand up, supply down)
-Analysis of Figure 1.16 (both decrease)
-Study of Figure 1.17 (demand down, supply up)
-Group work on proportionate change analysis
-Drawing of complex equilibrium diagrams
-Discussion on big vs small changes in price/quantity
-Practical exercises with different scenarios
-Case studies on real market simultaneous changes

Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.14-1.17

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 16-18

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Other price determination methods and pertinent issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify alternative price determination methods
-Explain government price control mechanisms
-Describe manufacturer price fixing approaches
-Analyze cost-plus pricing and profit margin considerations
-Define hoarding and overpricing practices
-Explain artificial shortage creation
-Analyze unscrupulous trading practices
-Discuss customer supremacy and business ethics
-Examine honest vs dishonest business practices

- Discussion on government price control in Kenya
-Case studies on controlled commodity prices
-Analysis of cost-plus pricing calculations
-Examination of hoarding practices and effects
-Discussion on artificial shortage creation
-Case studies on overpricing and customer exploitation
-Analysis of undercutting and monopolistic behavior
-Group work on business ethics and customer value
-Role play: honest vs unscrupulous business practices

Textbook, case studies, government pricing examples, business ethics scenarios

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 14-16

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Other price determination methods and pertinent issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify alternative price determination methods
-Explain government price control mechanisms
-Describe manufacturer price fixing approaches
-Analyze cost-plus pricing and profit margin considerations
-Define hoarding and overpricing practices
-Explain artificial shortage creation
-Analyze unscrupulous trading practices
-Discuss customer supremacy and business ethics
-Examine honest vs dishonest business practices

- Discussion on government price control in Kenya
-Case studies on controlled commodity prices
-Analysis of cost-plus pricing calculations
-Examination of hoarding practices and effects
-Discussion on artificial shortage creation
-Case studies on overpricing and customer exploitation
-Analysis of undercutting and monopolistic behavior
-Group work on business ethics and customer value
-Role play: honest vs unscrupulous business practices

Textbook, case studies, government pricing examples, business ethics scenarios

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 14-16

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Other price determination methods and pertinent issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify alternative price determination methods
-Explain government price control mechanisms
-Describe manufacturer price fixing approaches
-Analyze cost-plus pricing and profit margin considerations
-Define hoarding and overpricing practices
-Explain artificial shortage creation
-Analyze unscrupulous trading practices
-Discuss customer supremacy and business ethics
-Examine honest vs dishonest business practices

- Discussion on government price control in Kenya
-Case studies on controlled commodity prices
-Analysis of cost-plus pricing calculations
-Examination of hoarding practices and effects
-Discussion on artificial shortage creation
-Case studies on overpricing and customer exploitation
-Analysis of undercutting and monopolistic behavior
-Group work on business ethics and customer value
-Role play: honest vs unscrupulous business practices

Textbook, case studies, government pricing examples, business ethics scenarios

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 14-16

DEMAND AND SUPPLY
SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Other price determination methods and pertinent issues
Concept of firm and industry, factors determining size of firm

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify alternative price determination methods
-Explain government price control mechanisms
-Describe manufacturer price fixing approaches
-Analyze cost-plus pricing and profit margin considerations
-Define hoarding and overpricing practices
-Explain artificial shortage creation
-Analyze unscrupulous trading practices
-Discuss customer supremacy and business ethics
-Examine honest vs dishonest business practices

- Define firm and industry with comprehensive examples
-Distinguish between firm and industry using local examples
-Identify and explain factors determining firm size
-Analyze number of employees as size determinant
-Examine volume of output and area covered
-Evaluate capital investment and market size factors
-Assess level of technology impact on firm size
-Classify firms as small, medium or large using criteria

- Discussion on government price control in Kenya
-Case studies on controlled commodity prices
-Analysis of cost-plus pricing calculations
-Examination of hoarding practices and effects
-Discussion on artificial shortage creation
-Case studies on overpricing and customer exploitation
-Analysis of undercutting and monopolistic behavior
-Group work on business ethics and customer value
-Role play: honest vs unscrupulous business practices

- Brainstorming on firm vs industry concepts
-Case studies on sugar companies (Mumias, Sony, Chemelil)
-Analysis of salt mining firms (Magadi Soda Company)
-Group work on transport industry examples
-Discussion on employee numbers in different firms
-Examination of output volumes and premises size
-Analysis of capital investment requirements
-Classification exercises using local business examples

Textbook, case studies, government pricing examples, business ethics scenarios
Textbook, local business examples, charts, case studies

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 14-16
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 18-19

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Factors limiting firm size and production decisions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and explain factors limiting firm size
-Analyze market size impact on firm expansion
-Examine availability of factors of production
-Discuss nature of product/service limitations
-Evaluate owner's decision impact on firm size
-Explain entrepreneurial decisions on production
-Analyze factors influencing what to produce
-Examine demand, resources and skills requirements
-Discuss technology, returns and cost considerations

- Case studies on transport industry reforms 2004
-Discussion on medical care and hairdressing services
-Analysis of owner preferences for small-scale operations
-Group work on production decision factors
-Examination of market demand analysis
-Discussion on resource availability for production
-Analysis of skill requirements for different businesses
-Case studies on technology choice decisions

Textbook, transport industry examples, service business cases, charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 19-20

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Government policies and location factors - comprehensive analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze government policy effects on production
-Examine taxation and legal compliance requirements
-Identify and explain factors influencing firm location
-Analyze nearness to raw materials importance
-Examine supply of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor
-Discuss nearness to market considerations
-Evaluate availability of social amenities
-Assess auxiliary services and infrastructure needs
-Examine fuel, power and water source requirements

- Discussion on government tax policies and regulations
-Case studies on illegal product restrictions
-Analysis of location factors using Figure 2.1
-Examination of heavy materials transport costs
-Discussion on perishable goods location needs
-Group work on labor type requirements
-Analysis of social amenities for employee morale
-Case studies on banking and insurance services
-Discussion on power and water availability

Textbook, government policy examples, Figure 2.1, infrastructure maps

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 20-22

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Government policies and location factors - comprehensive analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze government policy effects on production
-Examine taxation and legal compliance requirements
-Identify and explain factors influencing firm location
-Analyze nearness to raw materials importance
-Examine supply of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor
-Discuss nearness to market considerations
-Evaluate availability of social amenities
-Assess auxiliary services and infrastructure needs
-Examine fuel, power and water source requirements

- Discussion on government tax policies and regulations
-Case studies on illegal product restrictions
-Analysis of location factors using Figure 2.1
-Examination of heavy materials transport costs
-Discussion on perishable goods location needs
-Group work on labor type requirements
-Analysis of social amenities for employee morale
-Case studies on banking and insurance services
-Discussion on power and water availability

Textbook, government policy examples, Figure 2.1, infrastructure maps

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 20-22

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Government policies and location factors - comprehensive analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze government policy effects on production
-Examine taxation and legal compliance requirements
-Identify and explain factors influencing firm location
-Analyze nearness to raw materials importance
-Examine supply of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor
-Discuss nearness to market considerations
-Evaluate availability of social amenities
-Assess auxiliary services and infrastructure needs
-Examine fuel, power and water source requirements

- Discussion on government tax policies and regulations
-Case studies on illegal product restrictions
-Analysis of location factors using Figure 2.1
-Examination of heavy materials transport costs
-Discussion on perishable goods location needs
-Group work on labor type requirements
-Analysis of social amenities for employee morale
-Case studies on banking and insurance services
-Discussion on power and water availability

Textbook, government policy examples, Figure 2.1, infrastructure maps

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 20-22

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Transport networks, security and localization concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate transport network importance for firm location
-Analyze road, railway, seaport and airport requirements
-Examine government physical planning policies
-Assess security services availability impact
-Discuss room for expansion considerations
-Analyze favorable climatic conditions for agro-businesses
-Define localization and territorial division of labor
-Explain firm concentration in favorable areas
-Identify advantages of localization for businesses

- Analysis of transport infrastructure requirements
-Discussion on roads, railways and ports accessibility
-Case studies on government physical planning
-Examination of security considerations for businesses
-Group work on expansion space requirements
-Analysis of floriculture and dairy farming locations
-Discussion on localization concept and examples
-Case studies on industrial area concentrations
-Analysis of specialized area development

Textbook, transport maps, security examples, agricultural cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 22-23

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Transport networks, security and localization concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate transport network importance for firm location
-Analyze road, railway, seaport and airport requirements
-Examine government physical planning policies
-Assess security services availability impact
-Discuss room for expansion considerations
-Analyze favorable climatic conditions for agro-businesses
-Define localization and territorial division of labor
-Explain firm concentration in favorable areas
-Identify advantages of localization for businesses

- Analysis of transport infrastructure requirements
-Discussion on roads, railways and ports accessibility
-Case studies on government physical planning
-Examination of security considerations for businesses
-Group work on expansion space requirements
-Analysis of floriculture and dairy farming locations
-Discussion on localization concept and examples
-Case studies on industrial area concentrations
-Analysis of specialized area development

Textbook, transport maps, security examples, agricultural cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 22-23

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Advantages and disadvantages of localization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and explain employment creation through localization
-Analyze service industries development benefits
-Examine subsidiary industries creation
-Discuss economies of scale benefits
-Evaluate development and urbanization advantages
-Analyze congestion and overpopulation problems
-Examine increased crime rate issues
-Discuss adverse environmental problems
-Evaluate unbalanced regional development effects
-Assess massive unemployment possibilities

- Discussion on employment opportunities creation
-Analysis of specialized service industries growth
-Case studies on subsidiary industries development
-Group work on large-scale production benefits
-Examination of infrastructure development
-Discussion on rural-urban migration effects
-Analysis of congestion and health hazards
-Case studies on crime and prostitution increases
-Examination of environmental pollution problems
-Discussion on regional development imbalances

Textbook, employment data, environmental examples, urban planning cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 23-24

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Delocalisation policy and implementation
Advantages and disadvantages of delocalisation
Economies of scale - internal economies comprehensive analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define delocalisation and balanced industrial development
-Identify circumstances requiring delocalisation policy
-Analyze need to curb urban migration
-Examine urban unemployment reduction strategies
-Discuss balanced economic development goals
-Evaluate government facilitation measures
-Analyze provision of free/cheap locational sites
-Examine tax benefits and bureaucracy removal
-Discuss infrastructure development and security improvement
-Evaluate corruption eradication and transparency measures

- Analyze balanced economic development benefits
-Examine raw materials market creation
-Discuss employment creation in many parts
-Evaluate service delivery to rural areas
-Assess urbanization acceleration benefits
-Analyze social problems reduction
-Examine difficulty in attracting required personnel
-Discuss challenges in accessing essential services
-Evaluate pollution and social evils spread
-Assess tax burden on government and taxpayers

- Discussion on delocalisation concept and policy
-Analysis of urban migration problems
-Case studies on unemployment in urban areas
-Group work on balanced development strategies
-Examination of government incentive measures
-Discussion on free sites provision in rural areas
-Analysis of tax reduction benefits
-Case studies on bureaucracy removal
-Examination of infrastructure development needs
-Discussion on transparency in business transactions

- Discussion on balanced economic development
-Analysis of local raw materials market creation
-Case studies on rural employment creation
-Group work on rural service delivery improvement
-Examination of rural urbanization acceleration
-Discussion on reduced social problems
-Analysis of personnel attraction difficulties
-Case studies on essential services access
-Examination of pollution spread to rural areas
-Discussion on government incentive costs

Textbook, government policy documents, rural development cases
Textbook, rural development examples, cost-benefit analysis
Textbook, business examples, machinery illustrations, financial cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 24-25
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 25

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

External economies and specialization benefits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define external economies and their sources
-Analyze easier access to skilled labor pools
-Examine efficient infrastructure benefits
-Discuss auxiliary services availability
-Evaluate easy access to raw materials
-Analyze mutual consultations and collaborations
-Examine decentralization and disintegration economies
-Distinguish horizontal and vertical decentralization
-Discuss textile industry and jua kali examples
-Analyze publishing industry specialization

- Discussion on external economies concept
-Analysis of labor pool availability
-Case studies on infrastructure sharing
-Examination of banking and insurance services
-Group work on raw materials access
-Discussion on industry collaboration benefits
-Analysis of horizontal decentralization examples
-Case studies on vertical decentralization
-Examination of textile industry specialization
-Discussion on publishing industry processes

Textbook, industry examples, infrastructure maps, specialization cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 27-28

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Diseconomies of scale - internal and external

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diseconomies of scale and their causes
-Analyze Figure 2.2 LAC curve and diminishing returns
-Examine internal diseconomies affecting single firms
-Discuss marketing diseconomies and limited markets
-Analyze management diseconomies and complexity
-Examine factor market diseconomies and shortages
-Discuss overhead diseconomies and rising costs
-Evaluate technical diseconomies and capacity utilization
-Analyze external diseconomies affecting all firms
-Examine congestion, raw material and skilled labor shortages

- Analysis of Figure 2.2 and cost curve explanation
-Discussion on average cost increases
-Case studies on marketing difficulties
-Examination of management complexity problems
-Group work on factor shortage effects
-Analysis of overhead cost increases
-Discussion on equipment underutilization
-Case studies on industry-wide problems
-Examination of congestion and traffic costs
-Discussion on power shortages and rationing

Textbook, Figure 2.2, cost analysis examples, industry cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 28-29

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Existence of small firms and their advantages
Environmental impact and health implications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze reasons for small firm survival
-Examine less capital requirements for small firms
-Discuss limited market suitability for small operations
-Evaluate simplicity of small firm management
-Analyze personalized service advantages
-Examine flexibility benefits of small firms
-Discuss quick decision-making advantages
-Evaluate convenient location benefits
-Compare small vs large firm advantages
-Assess market conditions favoring small firms

- Discussion on small firm survival factors
-Analysis of capital requirement differences
-Case studies on Kenyan market limitations
-Examination of management simplicity
-Group work on personal contact benefits
-Discussion on business flexibility advantages
-Analysis of decision-making speed
-Case studies on convenient customer locations
-Comparison exercises between firm sizes
-Examination of developing country markets

Textbook, small business examples, market analysis, comparison charts
Textbook, environmental examples, health data, pollution cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 29-30

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM

Maintaining healthy environment and business responsibility
Pertinent issues - workers' rights and child labor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways to maintain healthy environment
-Analyze business responsibility to society
-Examine environmental conservation for future generations
-Discuss value addition to environment concept
-Evaluate general cleanliness and hygiene maintenance
-Analyze pollution control measures
-Examine appropriate farming and technology use
-Discuss afforestation and re-afforestation activities
-Evaluate appropriate mining and fishing techniques
-Assess environmental law observance requirements

- Analyze workers' rights and human rights issues
-Examine exploitative labor practices
-Discuss meager wages and salary problems
-Evaluate employee morale and productivity effects
-Analyze industrial disturbances and strikes
-Examine fair treatment and welfare policies
-Discuss conducive work environment creation
-Evaluate women's workplace protection
-Analyze child labor exploitation problems
-Examine Children's Act and legal compliance

- Discussion on business environmental responsibility
-Analysis of environmental conservation importance
-Case studies on value addition to environment
-Group work on cleanliness maintenance methods
-Examination of pollution control techniques
-Discussion on appropriate farming methods
-Analysis of afforestation programs
-Case studies on sustainable mining practices
-Examination of environmental law compliance
-Discussion on protective equipment provision

- Discussion on workers' rights violations
-Analysis of exploitative wage practices
-Case studies on industrial strikes
-Group work on employee welfare policies
-Examination of work environment improvement
-Discussion on women's workplace rights
-Analysis of child labor prohibition
-Case studies on Children's Act compliance
-Examination of education opportunity denial
-Discussion on ethical labor practices

Textbook, environmental conservation examples, law documents
Textbook, labor law documents, case studies, Children's Act

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 31-32

SIZE AND LOCATION OF A FIRM
PRODUCT MARKETS

Environmental degradation, localization effects and practical applications
Introduction and meaning of market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze environmental degradation from production
-Examine waste disposal and pollution control
-Discuss global warming contribution
-Evaluate localization concentration effects
-Analyze unplanned urban development
-Examine congestion and housing shortages
-Discuss crime and prostitution increases
-Evaluate government intervention needs
-Apply all concepts to real business situations
-Prepare comprehensive assessment review

- Discussion on environmental responsibility
-Analysis of waste disposal methods
-Case studies on global warming effects
-Group work on localization problems
-Examination of urban planning challenges
-Discussion on social problem increases
-Analysis of government intervention strategies
-Practical application exercises
-Comprehensive review of all concepts
-Assessment preparation activities

Textbook, environmental cases, urban planning examples, assessment materials
Textbook, market examples, charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 32-33

PRODUCT MARKETS

Essential features and product market definition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify presence of sellers and buyers
-Examine commodity for sale requirements
-Analyze acceptable medium of exchange
-Define product markets comprehensively
-Classify markets by area, commodity and scale

- Discussion on market features
-Analysis of seller-buyer requirements
-Case studies on exchange mediums
-Group work on product market definition
-Classification exercises on market types

Textbook, market scenarios, classification charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 40-41

PRODUCT MARKETS

Types of product markets overview

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify four main product market types
-Introduce perfect competition concept
-Outline pure monopoly characteristics
-Describe monopolistic competition features
-Explain oligopoly market structure

- Overview of all market types
-Introduction to market structure concepts
-Discussion on market characteristics
-Group work on type identification
-Preliminary analysis of each structure

Textbook, market structure charts, examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 41

PRODUCT MARKETS

Pure competition - sellers, buyers and products
Pure competition - restraints and factor mobility
Pure competition - costs and market knowledge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain many sellers and buyers concept
-Analyze individual seller/buyer market impact
-Define homogeneous products
-Examine product similarity requirements
-Discuss buyer preference absence

- Analyze absence of transport costs
-Examine complete market knowledge
-Discuss information availability
-Evaluate no excess demand/supply
-Assess barriers to entry/exit absence

- Discussion on many sellers/buyers
-Analysis of individual market impact
-Case studies on homogeneous products
-Group work on product similarity
-Examination of buyer indifference

- Discussion on transport cost absence
-Analysis of complete knowledge
-Case studies on information flow
-Group work on market equilibrium
-Examination of entry/exit freedom

Textbook, competition examples, product cases
Textbook, factor examples, mobility cases
Textbook, transport examples, information cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 41
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42

PRODUCT MARKETS

Perfect competition vs pure competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish perfect from pure competition
-Analyze degree differences
-Examine adjustment time differences
-Discuss economic analysis purposes
-Evaluate theoretical importance

- Discussion on competition distinctions
-Analysis of adjustment mechanisms
-Case studies on market adjustments
-Group work on theoretical purposes
-Examination of economic analysis

Textbook, comparison charts, theory examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42

PRODUCT MARKETS

Criticism of perfect competition
Monopoly definition and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze homogeneous product rarity
-Examine consumer variety preferences
-Discuss large-scale operation tendencies
-Evaluate firm location realities
-Assess government interference presence

- Discussion on perfect competition limitations
-Analysis of product variety needs
-Case studies on scale economies
-Group work on location factors
-Examination of government intervention

Textbook, criticism examples, reality cases
Textbook, monopoly examples, Figure 3.1

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42-43

PRODUCT MARKETS

Causes of monopoly - ownership and technical factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze factor ownership monopoly
-Examine production technique ownership
-Discuss exclusive technical know-how
-Evaluate resource control effects
-Assess capital requirement barriers

- Discussion on ownership monopoly
-Analysis of technique control
-Case studies on technical know-how
-Group work on resource control
-Examination of capital barriers

Textbook, ownership examples, capital cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 43

PRODUCT MARKETS

Causes of monopoly - market and business factors
Advantages and disadvantages of monopoly
Monopolistic competition - definition and features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze market size limitations
-Examine government restrictions
-Discuss firm merging effects
-Evaluate restrictive practices
-Assess business combination impacts

- Identify massive profit advantages
-Analyze government revenue benefits
-Examine price stability benefits
-Discuss poor quality problems
-Evaluate limited variety and exorbitant pricing

- Discussion on market size effects
-Analysis of government protection
-Case studies on firm mergers
-Group work on restrictive practices
-Examination of business combinations

- Discussion on monopoly advantages
-Analysis of government revenue
-Case studies on price stability
-Group work on quality problems
-Examination of pricing issues

Textbook, market examples, merger cases
Textbook, advantage/disadvantage examples
Textbook, competition examples, Kenyan cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 43-44
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 44-45

PRODUCT MARKETS

Monopolistic competition - product differentiation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze product differentiation methods
-Examine color, taste, smell variations
-Discuss shape, texture, packaging
-Evaluate brand attachment creation
-Assess advertising and price control

- Discussion on differentiation methods
-Analysis of variation techniques
-Case studies on product variations
-Group work on brand attachment
-Examination of advertising effects

Textbook, differentiation examples, brand cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 45-46

PRODUCT MARKETS

Monopolistic competition - operations and interdependence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze free entry and exit
-Examine firm interdependence
-Discuss non-price competition
-Evaluate price setting considerations
-Assess competitive responses

- Discussion on entry/exit freedom
-Analysis of firm interactions
-Case studies on non-price competition
-Group work on price setting
-Examination of competitive responses

Textbook, operation examples, competition cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 46

PRODUCT MARKETS

Oligopoly - definition and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define oligopoly market structure
-Identify few large firms characteristic
-Analyze significant activity impact
-Examine rivalry and interdependence
-Discuss duopoly as special case

- Discussion on oligopoly definition
-Analysis of few large firms
-Case studies on market impact
-Group work on interdependence
-Examination of duopoly examples

Textbook, oligopoly examples, rivalry cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 46-47

PRODUCT MARKETS

Oligopoly features - market control and products
Oligopoly - collusion and kinked demand curve
Kinked demand curve analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze market share control
-Examine pricing and output interdependence
-Distinguish differentiated vs pure oligopoly
-Discuss product homogeneity/differentiation
-Evaluate substitute relationships

- Analyze price increase effects
-Examine demand decrease consequences
-Discuss consumer switching behavior
-Evaluate price decrease effects
-Assess competitor response patterns

- Discussion on market control
-Analysis of interdependence effects
-Case studies on oligopoly types
-Group work on product characteristics
-Examination of sugar market example

- Discussion on price change effects
-Analysis of demand elasticity
-Case studies on consumer behavior
-Group work on competitor responses
-Examination of price stability

Textbook, control examples, sugar market cases
Textbook, collusion examples, Figure 3.2, graph papers
Textbook, price examples, elasticity cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 47
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 48

PRODUCT MARKETS

Pertinent issues - monopoly insensitivity and hoarding

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze customer insensitivity problems
-Examine impersonal service attitudes
-Discuss hoarding and overcharging
-Evaluate artificial shortage creation
-Assess "take it or leave it" mentality

- Discussion on monopoly problems
-Analysis of customer treatment
-Case studies on hoarding practices
-Group work on artificial shortages
-Examination of service attitudes

Textbook, monopoly cases, hoarding examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 48-49

PRODUCT MARKETS

Pertinent issues - government protection and liberalization
Pertinent issues - cartels and overcharging

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze infant industry protection
-Examine protection abuse problems
-Discuss growth refusal issues
-Evaluate liberalization policy effects
-Assess consumer supremacy importance

- Discussion on protection policies
-Analysis of infant industry abuse
-Case studies on liberalization
-Group work on consumer rights
-Examination of policy effects

Textbook, protection examples, liberalization cases
Textbook, cartel examples, matatu cases, petroleum industry

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 49

PRODUCT MARKETS

Pertinent issues - business integrity and honest practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze integrity requirements
-Examine honest business practices
-Discuss profitable honesty
-Evaluate long-term vs short-term benefits
-Assess ethical business conduct

- Discussion on business integrity
-Analysis of honest practices
-Case studies on ethical conduct
-Group work on long-term benefits
-Examination of sustainable practices

Textbook, integrity examples, ethical cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 49

PRODUCT MARKETS
CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Pertinent issues - product differentiation and advertising
Meaning of distribution and process
Classification of intermediaries - merchant vs agent traders

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze differentiation problems
-Examine customer retention strategies
-Discuss misleading advertisements
-Evaluate false information problems
-Assess honest advertising practices

- Define distribution and explain its derivation
-Analyze the wide range of distribution activities
-Examine material handling, storage, packaging and transportation
-Explain how distribution bridges producer-consumer gap
-Describe the process from production to consumption
-Identify the role of intermediaries in distribution

- Discussion on differentiation issues
-Analysis of advertising problems
-Case studies on misleading ads
-Group work on honest advertising
-Examination of ethical marketing

- Discussion on distribution meaning and activities
-Analysis of material handling and storage
-Case studies on packaging and transportation
-Group work on producer-consumer gap
-Examination of distribution process
-Role play on intermediary functions

Textbook, advertising examples, marketing cases
Textbook, distribution examples, packaging materials
Textbook, trader examples, classification charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 49
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 42

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Merchant traders - export/import merchants and stockist distributors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze export merchants and their operations
-Examine import merchants and direct importers
-Discuss stockist distributors and specialization
-Evaluate merchant traders' market assistance
-Analyze skilled staff employment by stockists
-Examine after-sale services provision

- Discussion on export/import operations
-Analysis of merchant trader functions
-Case studies on stockist specialization
-Group work on market assistance
-Examination of after-sale services
-Practical examples of merchant operations

Textbook, import/export examples, stockist cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 43

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Agent traders - commission agents, factors and auctioneers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define commission agents and their functions
-Analyze del credere commission agents
-Examine factors and their ownership characteristics
-Discuss auctioneers and competitive bidding
-Analyze local representatives and appointments
-Evaluate trading agents' commission systems

- Discussion on commission agent operations
-Analysis of del credere agents
-Case studies on factor operations
-Group work on auction processes
-Examination of Figure 4.1 auctioneer
-Practical examples of trading agents

Textbook, Figure 4.1, agent examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 43-44

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Non-trading agents - brokers, clearing agents and warehouse keepers
Role of intermediaries and channels of distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define brokers and their connecting functions
-Analyze export and import broker operations
-Examine clearing and forwarding agents
-Discuss warehouse keepers and storage services
-Analyze brokerage and demurrage fees
-Evaluate lien rights of agents

- Discussion on broker functions
-Analysis of clearing agent services
-Case studies on warehousing operations
-Group work on fee structures
-Examination of lien rights
-Practical examples of non-trading agents

Textbook, broker examples, warehouse cases
Textbook, Figure 4.2, chain examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 44-45

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Channel levels - zero, one, two and three level channels
Four-level channels and product distribution patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define channel levels and intermediary numbers
-Analyze zero-level direct marketing
-Examine one-level channels and Bata example
-Discuss two-level consumer goods channels
-Analyze three-level intermediary chains
-Evaluate channel level selection factors

- Analyze four-level channel complexity
-Examine agricultural produce distribution
-Discuss farmer-cooperative-board-retailer chains
-Analyze locally produced agricultural goods
-Examine locally manufactured goods distribution
-Evaluate imported goods distribution patterns

- Discussion on channel level concepts
-Analysis of Figures 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
-Case studies on Bata Shoe Company
-Group work on level comparisons
-Examination of consumer goods distribution
-Practical examples of all channel levels

- Discussion on four-level channels
-Analysis of Figures 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
-Case studies on agricultural marketing
-Group work on manufacturing distribution
-Examination of import channels
-Practical examples of all product types

Textbook, Figures 4.3-4.6, Bata examples
Textbook, Figures 4.7-4.9, product examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 46-47
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 47-48

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Choosing distribution channels - cost, availability and business factors
Product nature and market development factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze factors in channel selection
-Examine cost considerations in channel choice
-Discuss availability of distribution channels
-Evaluate business objectives and policies
-Analyze unique product presentation needs
-Examine relationship between policies and channels

- Discussion on channel selection factors
-Analysis of cost-benefit considerations
-Case studies on channel availability
-Group work on business objectives
-Examination of policy alignment
-Practical examples of channel choice

Textbook, channel selection examples
Textbook, product examples, market cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 48-49

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Financial strength, reputation and competitive factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze financial strength impact on channels
-Examine reputation and goodwill effects
-Discuss competitor channel performance
-Evaluate consumer factors in channel choice
-Analyze transport and communication networks
-Examine financial support from channel operators

- Discussion on financial considerations
-Analysis of reputation effects
-Case studies on competitive channels
-Group work on consumer factors
-Examination of infrastructure impact
-Practical examples of support mechanisms

Textbook, financial examples, competitive cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 50-51

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Choice of specific intermediary within channels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze extent of coverage requirements
-Examine continuity guarantee importance
-Discuss intermediary reputation factors
-Evaluate other products handled
-Analyze effectiveness and reliability
-Examine credibility and trading standards

- Discussion on intermediary selection
-Analysis of coverage requirements
-Case studies on reputation factors
-Group work on effectiveness measures
-Examination of reliability factors
-Practical examples of selection criteria

Textbook, intermediary examples, selection cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 51

CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION

Pertinent issues - HIV/AIDS prevalence and fatigue problems
Child labor and environmental degradation issues
Bribery, corruption and ethical business practices
Learning activities, research and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze HIV/AIDS prevalence in distribution
-Examine travel and family separation effects
-Discuss discipline and moral responsibility
-Analyze fatigue and accident relationships
-Examine distribution truck safety
-Evaluate operator care and scheduling

- Analyze bribery in distribution operations
-Examine traffic police corruption
-Discuss overloading and rule adherence
-Evaluate ethical business practices
-Analyze public interest considerations
-Examine fair play in distribution business

- Discussion on HIV/AIDS challenges
-Analysis of travel separation effects
-Case studies on moral responsibility
-Group work on fatigue prevention
-Examination of safety measures
-Practical examples of responsible scheduling

- Discussion on corruption problems
-Analysis of bribery effects
-Case studies on rule adherence
-Group work on ethical practices
-Examination of public interest
-Practical examples of fair business

Textbook, health examples, safety cases
Textbook, child labor examples, environmental cases
Textbook, corruption examples, ethical cases
Research guides, interview forms, debate materials, assessment tools

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 51-52
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 52