Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Modes of nutrition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss different modes of nutrition in animals
- Differentiate between heterotrophic modes of nutrition
- Show interest in animal nutrition

- Search for information on modes of nutrition
- Discuss parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic and holozoic nutrition
- Share findings with the class

How do animals obtain their food?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 80)
- Digital resources
- Charts on animal nutrition

- Written test - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Dentition in animals
Nutrition in animals - Types and structure of teeth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dentition
- Differentiate between homodont and heterodont dentition
- Show interest in animal dentition

- Observe specimens or models of different types of teeth
- Identify homodont and heterodont dentition
- Draw and label diagrams of different teeth types

What is dentition?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 81)
- Models of animal teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts of teeth
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 82)
- Models of teeth

- Drawings - Written questions - Oral assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Functions of different teeth
Nutrition in animals - Classification based on dentition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of different types of teeth
- Relate teeth structure to their functions
- Show interest in adaptations of teeth

- Discuss functions of teeth using specimens or models
- Identify adaptations of teeth to their functions
- Share findings with peers

How do the different types of teeth function during feeding?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 83)
- Models of teeth
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 84)
- Specimens or models of animal jaws

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Nutrition in animals - Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Nutrition in animals - Digestive system in humans
Nutrition in animals - Process of digestion
Nutrition in animals - Absorption and assimilation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify dentition of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Explain adaptations of teeth to different feeding habits
- Show interest in relationship between dentition and diet

- Explain the process of digestion along the alimentary canal
- Describe the role of digestive juices and enzymes
- Show interest in the digestive process

- Study jaws of herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
- Identify adaptations of teeth to feeding habits
- Discuss dental formula of different animal groups
- Search for information on digestion in the alimentary canal
- Discuss digestion in the mouth, stomach, duodenum and ileum
- Watch animations on the digestive process

How does dentition reflect the feeding habits of animals?
How does the process of digestion occur?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 85)
- Models or specimens of animal jaws
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Charts of digestive system
- Models
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts of digestive process
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Charts of villi structure

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Practical skills
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Functions of parts of a flower
Reproduction in plants - Pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a flower
- Describe functions of flower parts
- Show interest in flower structure

- Collect and examine suitable flowers
- Identify calyx, corolla, pistil, stamen
- Discuss functions of each part

What are the different parts of a flower and their functions?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 86)
- Fresh flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts of flower structure
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 87)
- Digital resources
- Charts on pollination

- Practical skills - Drawings - Written assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to insect pollination
Reproduction in plants - Adaptations to wind pollination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify features of insect-pollinated flowers
- Explain adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
- Show interest in flower adaptations

- Examine an insect-pollinated flower
- Record color, scent, size of flower
- Discuss adaptations to insect pollination

How are flowers adapted to insect pollination?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 88)
- Insect-pollinated flowers
- Hand lens
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 94)
- Wind-pollinated flowers (grass/maize)

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Field observation of pollination
Reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe pollinating agents in action
- Identify different types of pollinating agents
- Show interest in natural pollination processes

- Survey different areas to identify flower types
- Observe organisms visiting flowers
- Record observations on pollinating agents

What organisms act as pollinating agents?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 95)
- Flowers in school compound
- Hand lens
- Camera/smartphone
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 96)
- Digital resources
- Charts on plant fertilization

- Field observation skills - Written reports - Practical assessment

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Double fertilization
Reproduction in plants - Fruit formation
Reproduction in plants - Types of fruits
Reproduction in plants - Fruit and seed dispersal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of double fertilization
- Describe formation of zygote and endosperm
- Appreciate the uniqueness of flowering plant reproduction

- Classify fruits based on structure
- Differentiate between succulent and dry fruits
- Show interest in fruit diversity

- Search for animations on double fertilization
- Discuss the fusion of nuclei in the embryo sac
- Make a model of double fertilization
- Collect various fruits and seeds
- Group fruits into dry and succulent types
- Observe internal features of different fruits

What happens during double fertilization?
How are fruits classified?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 97)
- Digital resources
- Charts on double fertilization
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 98)
- Various fruits
- Charts
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 99)
- Various fruits
- Knife/scalpel
- Specimen dishes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 102)
- Various fruits and seeds
- Hand lens

- Model making - Written assessment - Oral questions
- Practical skills - Written assessment - Classification charts

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Animals as dispersal agents
Reproduction in plants - Water as a dispersal agent

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by animals
- Explain adaptations for animal dispersal
- Show interest in plant-animal interactions

- Observe fruits adapted for animal dispersal
- Identify hooks, edible parts, and other adaptations
- Discuss the role of animals in seed dispersal

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by animals?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 106)
- Fruits with hooks (black jack)
- Succulent fruits
- Hand lens
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 107)
- Coconut fruit if available
- Pictures of water-dispersed fruits
- Digital resources

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Wind as a dispersal agent
Reproduction in plants - Self-dispersal mechanism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fruits dispersed by wind
- Explain adaptations for wind dispersal
- Show interest in dispersal mechanisms

- Observe fruits adapted for wind dispersal
- Identify wings, hair, feathery structures
- Discuss censor mechanism and other adaptations

How are fruits adapted for dispersal by wind?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 108)
- Wind-dispersed fruits/seeds
- Hand lens
- Digital resources
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 109)
- Pods of legumes
- Castor oil fruits if available

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Importance of dispersal
Reproduction in plants - Effect of agrochemicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of fruit and seed dispersal
- Describe benefits of dispersal for plant survival
- Appreciate ecological significance of dispersal

- Search for information on importance of dispersal
- Discuss colonization of new areas
- Discuss reduced competition through dispersal

Why is fruit and seed dispersal important?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 110)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Charts on agrochemicals

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

Reproduction in plants - Role of flowers in nature
The interdependence of life - Components of the environment
The interdependence of life - Competition
The interdependence of life - Predation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of flowers in nature
- Describe ecological and economic importance of flowers
- Appreciate the significance of flowers

- Define intraspecific and interspecific competition
- Explain effects of competition on organisms
- Show interest in competitive interactions

- Search for information on roles of flowers
- Discuss ecological functions of flowers
- Discuss social and economic value of flowers
- Search for information on competition in ecosystems
- Discuss effects on number and distribution of organisms
- Analyze examples of competition

What is the role of flowers in nature?
How does competition affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 111)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 115)
- Charts of ecosystems
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 116)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 117)
- Videos on predation

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations
- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Parasitism
The interdependence of life - Symbiosis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define parasitism, parasite and host
- Explain effects of parasites on hosts
- Show interest in parasite-host relationships

- Search for information on parasitism
- Discuss types of parasites affecting humans and animals
- Analyze effect on distribution of organisms

How do parasites affect their hosts?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 119)
- Digital resources
- Charts on parasitism
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 120)
- Charts on symbiosis

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Saprophytism
The interdependence of life - Temperature effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define saprophytism
- Explain the role of saprophytes in ecosystems
- Appreciate decomposers in nutrient cycling

- Search for information on saprophytes
- Discuss bread molds, mushrooms and other decomposers
- Analyze effects on nutrient cycling

How do saprophytes contribute to ecosystem functioning?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 121)
- Digital resources
- Photographs of fungi
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 122)
- Thermometers
- Water in basin

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Light effects
The interdependence of life - Atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how light affects organisms
- Describe importance of light intensity, quality and duration
- Show interest in light as an ecological factor

- Discuss aspects of light affecting organisms
- Explain how light affects plants and animals
- Discuss measurement of light in ecosystems

How does light affect organisms in an ecosystem?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 123)
- Digital resources
- Light meter if available
- Secchi disc
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 124)
- Barometer if available

- Written assessment - Oral questions - Group discussions

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Humidity effects
The interdependence of life - Wind effects
The interdependence of life - pH and salinity
The interdependence of life - Energy flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define humidity
- Explain effects of humidity on organisms
- Demonstrate measurement of humidity

- Define pH and salinity
- Measure pH of soil and water samples
- Explain effects of pH and salinity on organisms

- Discuss meaning of humidity
- Measure humidity using cobalt chloride paper
- Analyze effects on plants and animals
- Test pH of water samples
- Test pH of soil samples
- Discuss effects on organisms

How does humidity affect organisms?
How do pH and salinity affect living organisms?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 125)
- Cobalt(II) chloride paper
- Forceps
- Stopwatch
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 126)
- Digital resources
- Materials for windsock/wind vane
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 127)
- Universal indicator paper
- Soil and water samples
- Test tubes
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 128)
- Digital resources
- Charts on energy flow

- Practical skills - Written assessment - Oral questions
- Practical skills - Written assessment - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - Food chains
The interdependence of life - Food webs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define food chain
- Construct simple food chains
- Show interest in feeding relationships

- Observe feeding habits of organisms
- Record what each organism feeds on
- Construct food chains based on observations

What is a food chain?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 129)
- Digital resources
- Charts on food chains
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 130)
- Charts on food webs

- Written assessment - Food chain construction - Observation

Living Things and Their Environment

The interdependence of life - National Parks ecosystem
The interdependence of life - Decomposers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify organisms in Kenyan National Parks
- Describe interrelationships in National Parks
- Appreciate biodiversity conservation

- Select a National Park for study
- Research organisms found in the park
- Construct food webs based on park organisms

What interrelationships exist in Kenyan National Parks?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 131)
- Digital resources
- Reference books on National Parks
- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 132)
- School compost site
- Hand lens

- Project work - Written assessment - Group presentations

Living Things and Their Environment
Force and Energy

The interdependence of life - Human activities
Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of human activities on ecosystems
- Explain habitat change, conservation, and species introduction
- Show concern for environmental conservation

- Search for information on human impacts
- Discuss habitat change, poaching, and introduced species
- Analyze conservation methods

How do human activities affect the environment?

- Textbooks (KLB Integrated Science pg. 133)
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Car driving mirrors
- Car headlight reflectors
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital content on curved mirrors

- Written assessment - Group presentations - Debates

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Images formed by concave and convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between concave and convex mirrors
- Compare parabolic reflectors with other curved mirrors
- Show interest in different types of reflectors

- Describe the pole of a mirror
- Explain the center of curvature and radius of curvature
- Show interest in features of curved mirrors

- Examine the curving of different mirrors
- Identify the reflecting surfaces of different mirrors
- Draw diagrams to illustrate different curved mirror surfaces
- Locate the pole, center of curvature, and radius on diagrams
- Draw and label the parts of curved mirrors
- Discuss the significance of each feature

How do different curved mirrors differ in structure?
How do the parts of curved mirrors relate to image formation?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 147
- Laboratory curved mirrors
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 148
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Geometrical sets
- Curved mirrors
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 149
- Diagrams of curved mirrors
- Geometrical sets
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 150

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Focal length
Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define focal length of curved mirrors
- Determine focal length experimentally
- Show interest in measuring optical parameters

- Define focal length
- Set up an experiment to determine focal length
- Measure and record focal length values

How can we determine the focal length of a curved mirror?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 152
- Concave mirrors
- Meter rule
- White screen
- Mirror holder
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 153
- Mirror holders
- Meter rules
- Screens
- Candles

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Position of image formed by convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Describe image characteristics for convex mirrors
- Compare images formed by concave and convex mirrors

- Observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record image characteristics
- Compare with images formed by concave mirrors

How do images formed by convex mirrors differ from those formed by concave mirrors?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 154
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects
- Meter rules
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 155
- Internet resources
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected
- Describe the reflection of rays passing through focal points
- Show interest in ray behavior

- Draw ray diagrams showing reflection patterns
- Discuss how different rays behave after reflection
- Create summary charts of ray behavior

How does understanding ray behavior help in locating images?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 156
- Drawing materials
- Manila paper
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 157

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Rays commonly used for ray diagram construction
Curved mirrors - Uses of concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Locate images using ray diagrams
- Compare ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors

- Describe the use of concave mirrors in reflectors
- Explain the principle behind solar heating
- Show interest in energy applications

- Draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Use ray diagrams to locate images
- Compare with concave mirror ray diagrams
- Discuss the use of concave mirrors in headlights and torches
- Explain how concave mirrors concentrate solar energy
- Research applications in solar cooking and heating

How do ray diagrams for convex mirrors differ from those for concave mirrors?
How are concave mirrors used in energy applications?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 159
- Manila paper
- Drawing materials
- Ruler and protractor
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital devices
- Internet connectivity
- Charts of ray diagrams
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Torch with reflector
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 162
- Reference materials

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Uses of convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of convex mirrors
- Describe security and safety uses
- Show interest in practical applications

- Discuss the use of convex mirrors for surveillance
- Explain their applications in security systems
- Research use at road junctions and corners

How do convex mirrors enhance security and safety?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 163
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 164

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Review and assessment
Waves - Generation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize key concepts about curved mirrors
- Apply knowledge to solve problems
- Show confidence in understanding curved mirrors

- Review main concepts in curved mirrors
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss solutions to problems

How does understanding curved mirrors help us in daily life?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 166
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 170
- Water in a basin
- Drum
- Speaker connected to radio
- Small stones

- Written test - Observation - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Waves - Classification of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Generate longitudinal waves
- Describe characteristics of longitudinal waves
- Show interest in wave classification

- Use a slinky spring to generate longitudinal waves
- Observe particle displacement direction
- Compare with wave travel direction

What distinguishes longitudinal waves from other wave types?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 172
- Slinky spring
- Rope
- Smooth surface
- Rigid support
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 173

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves
Waves - Frequency and periodic time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a wave
- Measure the amplitude of a wave
- Show interest in wave properties

- Define frequency and periodic time
- Measure periodic time
- Calculate frequency from periodic time

- Generate waves with a slinky spring
- Identify and measure amplitude
- Draw wave patterns
- Demonstrate frequency and periodic time
- Measure time for complete oscillations
- Calculate frequency from measurements

What are the key components that define a wave?
What is the relationship between frequency and periodic time?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 175
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Chalk
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 177
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 180
- Slinky spring
- Meter rule
- Stopwatch
- Chalk
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 181
- Calculators
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Problem sets

- Observation - Measurement skills assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Calculation skills assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Speed of a wave

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave speed
- Derive the wave equation
- Apply the wave equation to solve problems

- Derive the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave speed
- Practice using the wave equation
- Solve sample problems

How are wavelength, frequency, and wave speed related?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 183
- Calculators
- Reference materials
- Problem sets
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 184
- Chart paper

- Observation - Problem-solving assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves
- Explain how waves are reflected
- Show interest in wave properties

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns from different surfaces
- Compare with reflection of light

How do waves behave when they encounter boundaries?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 186
- Ripple tank
- Straight edge
- Metal reflectors
- Water
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 187
- Glass block
- Wave generator

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Properties of waves
Waves - Remote sensing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves
- Explain the factors affecting diffraction
- Show interest in wave behavior

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps
- Observe spreading of waves through gaps
- Investigate the effect of gap size

How do waves spread around obstacles or through openings?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 188
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers
- Water
- Wave generator
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Photographs
- Internet connectivity

- Observation - Practical skills assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Remote sensing
Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Applications of waves
Waves - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the components of remote sensing
- Describe the remote sensing process
- Show interest in remote sensing technology

- Explain the use of waves in surgery
- Describe applications in cancer therapy
- Show interest in medical treatments

- Discuss sources of waves in remote sensing
- Explain interaction between waves and targets
- Create diagrams of remote sensing processes
- Research laser surgery applications
- Discuss radiation therapy for cancer
- Create information posters

What are the requirements for remote sensing to take place?
How have waves revolutionized medical treatments?

- KLB Integrated Science pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Drawing materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 191
- Presentation materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 192
- Digital resources
- Internet connectivity
- Poster materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 193
- Chart materials
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 194
- Table templates
- KLB Integrated Science pg. 195
- Previous notes
- Assessment questions
- Reference materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Written assignments
- Observation - Poster assessment - Written assignments