ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Enthalpy Notation and Energy Content
Bond Breaking and Bond Formation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define endothermic and exothermic reactions using ΔH notation
-Investigate temperature changes when ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide dissolve in water
-Explain observations made during dissolution
-Draw energy level diagrams for endothermic and exothermic reactions

Class experiment: Wrap 250ml plastic beakers with tissue paper. Dissolve 2 spatulafuls of NH₄NO₃ in 100ml distilled water, record temperature changes. Repeat with NaOH pellets. Compare initial and final temperatures. Draw energy level diagrams showing relative energies of reactants and products.

250ml plastic beakers, tissue paper, rubber bands, NH₄NO₃, NaOH pellets, distilled water, thermometers, spatulas, measuring cylinders
Student books, calculators, worked examples from textbook, chalkboard for calculations
Crushed pure ice, 250ml glass beakers, thermometers, heating source, stopwatch, graph paper, stirring rods

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 29-31

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Latent Heat of Fusion and Vaporization
Bond Energy Calculations
Determination of Enthalpy of Solution I
Thermochemical Equations
Enthalpy of Solution of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
Enthalpy of Combustion
Enthalpy of Displacement
Enthalpy of Neutralization
Standard Conditions and Standard Enthalpy Changes
Hess's Law - Introduction and Theory
Energy Cycle Diagrams
Hess's Law Calculations
Lattice Energy and Hydration Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define latent heat of fusion and molar heat of fusion
-Define latent heat of vaporization and molar heat of vaporization
-Explain why temperature remains constant during phase changes
-Relate intermolecular forces to melting and boiling points
- Define molar heat of displacement
-Investigate displacement of copper(II) ions by zinc
-Calculate molar heat of displacement
-Explain relationship between position in reactivity series and heat of displacement

Discussion based on previous heating curve experiment. Explain energy used to overcome intermolecular forces during melting and boiling. Compare molar heats of fusion and vaporization for water and ethanol. Relate strength of intermolecular forces to magnitude of latent heats. Calculate energy required for phase changes.
Class experiment: Add 4.0g zinc powder to 100cm³ of 0.5M CuSO₄ solution in wrapped plastic beaker. Record temperature change and observations. Calculate moles of Zn used and Cu²⁺ displaced. Determine molar heat of displacement. Write ionic equation. Discuss why excess zinc is used. Compare with theoretical value.

Data tables showing molar heats of fusion/vaporization, calculators, heating curves from previous lesson
Bond energy data tables, calculators, worked examples, practice problems
250ml plastic beakers, 2.0g samples of NH₄NO₃ and NaOH, distilled water, thermometers, measuring cylinders, analytical balance, calculators
Results from previous experiment, graph paper for energy level diagrams, practice examples
Concentrated H₂SO₄, distilled water, 250ml plastic beaker, tissue paper, measuring cylinders, thermometer, safety equipment
Ethanol, small bottles with wicks, 250ml glass beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, thermometers, analytical balance, measuring cylinders
Zinc powder, 0.5M CuSO₄ solution, 250ml plastic beakers, tissue paper, thermometers, analytical balance, stirring rods
2M HCl, 2M NaOH, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M ammonia solution, measuring cylinders, thermometers, 250ml plastic beakers, tissue paper
Student books, examples of standard enthalpy data, notation practice exercises
Energy cycle diagrams for methane formation, chalkboard illustrations, worked examples from textbook
Graph paper, energy cycle templates, combustion data tables, calculators
Worked examples, combustion data, calculators, step-by-step calculation sheets
Energy cycle diagrams, lattice energy and hydration energy data tables, calculators

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 32-35
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 44-47

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Factors Affecting Lattice and Hydration Energies
Definition and Types of Fuels
Heating Values of Fuels
Factors in Fuel Selection
Environmental Effects of Fuels
Fuel Safety and Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain factors affecting lattice energy
-Explain factors affecting hydration energy
-Use data tables to identify trends
-Calculate enthalpies of solution for various ionic compounds

Analyze data tables showing lattice energies (Table 2.7) and hydration energies (Table 2.6). Identify trends: smaller ions and higher charges give larger lattice energies and hydration energies. Calculate heat of solution for MgCl₂ using: ΔH(solution) = +2489 + (-1891 + 2×(-384)) = -170 kJ/mol. Practice with other compounds.

Data tables from textbook, calculators, trend analysis exercises
Examples of different fuels, classification charts, pictures of fuel types
Heating value data table, calculators, fuel comparison charts
Fuel comparison tables, local fuel availability data, cost analysis sheets
Pictures of environmental damage, pollution data, examples of clean technology
Safety guideline charts, examples of fuel accidents, local safety case studies

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 54-56

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Bond Breaking, Formation and Phase Changes
Determination of Enthalpy of Solution
Enthalpy of Solution of H₂SO₄ and Safety
Enthalpy of Combustion
Enthalpy of Displacement
Enthalpy of Neutralization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define endothermic and exothermic reactions using the ΔH notation
-Investigate what happens when ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide are separately dissolved in water
-Define enthalpy and enthalpy change
-Calculate enthalpy changes using ΔH = H(products) - H(reactants)

Class experiment: Dissolve NH₄NO₃ and NaOH separately in water, record temperature changes in Table 2.1. Explain heat absorption vs evolution. Introduce enthalpy (H) and enthalpy change (ΔH). Calculate enthalpy changes from experimental data. Draw energy level diagrams showing relative energies.

250ml plastic beakers, tissue paper, NH₄NO₃, NaOH pellets, distilled water, thermometers, calculators
Ice, glass beakers, thermometers, heating source, graph paper, bond energy data tables
2.0g samples of NH₄NO₃ and NaOH, plastic beakers, thermometers, analytical balance, calculators
Concentrated H₂SO₄, distilled water, plastic beaker, tissue paper, thermometer, safety equipment
Ethanol, bottles with wicks, glass beakers, tripod stands, thermometers, analytical balance
Zinc powder, 0.5M CuSO₄ solution, plastic beakers, thermometers, analytical balance
2M HCl, 2M NaOH, 2M ethanoic acid, 2M ammonia solution, measuring cylinders, thermometers, plastic beakers

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 29-32

ENERGY CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES

Standard Conditions and Standard Enthalpy Changes
Hess's Law - Theory and Energy Cycles
Hess's Law Calculations
Lattice Energy and Hydration Energy
Definition and Types of Fuels
Fuel Selection Factors
Environmental Effects and Safety

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define standard conditions for measuring enthalpy changes
-Use standard enthalpy notation ΔH°
-Apply correct notation for different types of enthalpy changes
-Explain importance of standardization for comparison

Q/A: Review enthalpy measurements. Define standard conditions: 25°C (298K) and 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Introduce ΔH° notation where θ denotes standard. Show subscripts: ΔH°c (combustion), ΔH°f (formation), ΔH°neut (neutralization), ΔH°sol (solution). Practice using correct notation in thermochemical equations.

Student books, standard enthalpy data examples, notation practice exercises
Energy cycle diagrams for methane and CO formation, combustion data, calculators
Worked examples, combustion data tables, graph paper for diagrams, calculators
Energy cycle diagrams, hydration diagram (Fig 2.17), Tables 2.6 and 2.7 with lattice/hydration energies
Examples of local fuels, Table 2.8 showing heating values, calculators
Fuel comparison tables, local fuel cost data, examples of specialized fuel applications
Pictures of environmental damage, pollution reduction examples, safety guideline charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 49

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Redox Reactions and Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation Numbers in Naming and Redox Identification
Displacement Reactions - Metals and Halogens
Electrochemical Cells and Cell Diagrams
Standard Electrode Potentials
Calculating Cell EMF and Predicting Reactions
Types of Electrochemical Cells
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions I
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions II
Effect of Electrode Material on Electrolysis
Factors Affecting Electrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define redox reactions in terms of electron transfer
- State rules for assigning oxidation numbers
- Calculate oxidation numbers in compounds
- Identify oxidation and reduction processes

Q/A: Review previous knowledge
- Experiment 4.1: Iron filings + copper(II) sulphate
- Experiment 4.2: Iron(II) ions + hydrogen peroxide
- Discussion on oxidation number rules with examples

Iron filings, 1M CuSO₄, 1M FeSO₄, 2M NaOH, 20V H₂O₂, test tubes
Compound charts, calculators, student books, practice exercises
Various metals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu), metal salt solutions, halogens (Cl₂, Br₂, I₂), halide solutions
Metal electrodes, 1M metal salt solutions, voltmeters, salt bridges, connecting wires
Standard electrode potential table, diagrams, charts showing standard conditions
Calculators, electrode potential data, worked examples, practice problems
Cell diagrams, sample batteries, charts showing cell applications
Dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions, carbon electrodes, gas collection tubes, test equipment
U-tube apparatus, 2M H₂SO₄, 0.5M MgSO₄, platinum/carbon electrodes, gas syringes
Copper and carbon electrodes, 3M CuSO₄ solution, accurate balance, beakers, connecting wires
Electrochemical series chart, summary tables, practice exercises, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 108-116

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Applications of Electrolysis I
Applications of Electrolysis II
Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis
Electrolysis Calculations I
Electrolysis Calculations II
Advanced Applications and Problem Solving
Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkanols I
Chemical Properties of Alkanols II
Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids
Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe electrolytic extraction of reactive metals
- Explain electroplating process
- Apply electrolysis principles to metal coating
- Design electroplating setup
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Discussion: Extraction of Na, Mg, Al by electrolysis
- Practical: Electroplate iron nail with copper
- Calculate plating requirements
- Industrial applications
Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences

Iron nails, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, power supply, industrial process diagrams
Flow charts, mercury cell diagrams, environmental impact data, industrial case studies
Accurate balance, copper electrodes, CuSO₄ solution, ammeter, timer, calculators
Calculators, worked examples, practice problems, gas volume data, Faraday constant
Calculators, complex problem sets, industrial data, student books
Past papers, comprehensive problem sets, industrial case studies, calculators
Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books
Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer
Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts
Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes
Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus
Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask
2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes
Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 155-157
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation
Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects
Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects
Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization
Addition Polymers - Types and Properties
Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers
Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents

Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation

Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper
Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials
Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents
Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams
Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10
Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples
Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration
Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods
Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts
Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits
Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples
Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes
Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration
Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched
Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers
Laboratory Preparation of Methane
Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution
Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name straight-chain alkanes using IUPAC rules
Identify parent chains in branched alkanes
Name branched alkanes with substituent groups
Apply systematic naming rules correctly

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of branched alkanes. Rules application: Longest chain identification, numbering from nearest branch, substituent naming. Practice exercises: Various branched alkane structures. Group work: Name complex branched alkanes.

Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets
Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints
Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials
Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials
Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets
Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional
Laboratory Preparation of Ethene
Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkenes and unsaturation
Identify the C=C functional group
Write general formula for alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ)
Compare alkenes with alkanes

Teacher exposition: Alkenes definition and unsaturation concept. Introduction: C=C double bond as functional group. Table study: First 6 members of alkene series. Comparison: Alkenes vs alkanes - formulas and structures.

Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters
IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models
Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts
Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 100-101

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization
Tests for Alkenes and Uses
Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes
Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes
Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests
Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications
Introduction to Nitrogen - Properties and Occurrence
Isolation of Nitrogen from Air - Industrial and Laboratory Methods
Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Gas
Properties and Uses of Nitrogen Gas
Nitrogen(I) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Nitrogen(II) Oxide - Preparation and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oxidation by KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇
Explain polymerization of ethene
Define monomers and polymers
Write equations for polymer formation
List industrial uses of alkynes
Explain oxy-acetylene welding applications
Describe use in synthetic fiber production
Evaluate importance as chemical starting materials

Demonstration: Decolorization of KMnO₄ by alkenes. Teacher exposition: Polymerization process and polymer formation. Examples: Ethene → polyethene formation. Discussion: Industrial importance of polymerization. Practice: Write polymerization equations.
Discussion: Industrial applications of alkynes in adhesives, plastics, synthetic fibers. Teacher demonstration: Oxy-acetylene flame principles (or video). Q/A: Starting materials for chemical synthesis. Assignment: Research local industrial uses.

Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models
Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts
Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts
IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples
Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison
Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples
Periodic table charts, Atmospheric composition diagrams, Molecular models showing N≡N triple bond
Aspirator, KOH solution, Copper turnings, Heating apparatus, Fractional distillation flow chart
Sodium nitrite, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Test reagents, Deflagrating spoon
Property summary charts, Uses of nitrogen displays, Industrial application diagrams
Ammonium nitrate, Test tubes, Gas collection apparatus, Copper turnings, Sulfur, Glowing splints
Copper turnings, Dilute nitric acid, Gas collection apparatus, Iron(II) sulfate solution, Test reagents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 107-108
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 115-116

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Nitrogen(IV) Oxide - Preparation and Properties
Comparison of Nitrogen Oxides and Environmental Effects
Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia
Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia and Solubility
Reactions of Aqueous Ammonia with Metal Ions
Chemical Properties of Ammonia - Reactions with Acids and Combustion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare nitrogen(IV) oxide from copper and concentrated nitric acid
Prepare from thermal decomposition of nitrates
Test properties including equilibrium with N₂O₄
Describe reactions and uses

Experiment: Add concentrated HNO₃ to copper turnings. Collect red-brown gas by downward delivery. Alternative: Heat lead(II) nitrate with cooling U-tube. Tests: Solubility, effect on litmus, burning elements, cooling/heating effects.

Copper turnings, Concentrated nitric acid, Lead(II) nitrate, Gas collection apparatus, U-tube with ice, Testing materials
Comparison charts, Environmental impact diagrams, Vehicle emission illustrations
Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride, Round-bottomed flask, Calcium oxide, HCl solution, Glass rod, Litmus paper
Ammonia generation apparatus, Funnel, Universal indicator, Fountain apparatus, pH meter/paper
Various metal salt solutions, Aqueous ammonia, Test tubes, Droppers, Observation recording tables
Various dilute acids, Methyl orange, Oxygen supply, Platinum wire, Copper(II) oxide, Combustion apparatus, U-tube for collection

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 127-131

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia - The Haber Process
Uses of Ammonia and Introduction to Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Nitrogenous Fertilizers - Types and Calculations
Laboratory Preparation of Nitric(V) Acid
Industrial Manufacture of Nitric(V) Acid
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Metals
Reactions of Dilute Nitric(V) Acid with Carbonates and Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raw materials and their sources
Explain optimum conditions for ammonia synthesis
Draw flow diagram of Haber process
Explain economic considerations and catalyst use

Teacher exposition: N₂ from air, H₂ from natural gas/cracking. Process conditions: 500°C, 200 atm, iron catalyst. Flow diagram study: Purification, compression, catalytic chamber, separation, recycling. Economic factors: Compromise between yield and rate.

Haber process flow charts, Industrial diagrams, Catalyst samples, Economic analysis sheets
Fertilizer samples, Percentage calculation worksheets, Use application charts, Calculator
Various fertilizer formulas, Scientific calculators, Laboratory preparation materials, Environmental impact data
Potassium nitrate, Concentrated sulfuric acid, All-glass apparatus, Condenser, Retort stand, Safety equipment
Industrial process flow charts, Catalyst samples, Process condition charts, Efficiency calculation sheets
Various metals (Mg, Zn, Cu), Dilute nitric acid, Test tubes, Gas testing apparatus, Burning splints
Various carbonates and hydroxides, Dilute nitric acid, Lime water, Universal indicator, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 140-141

NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Reactions of Concentrated Nitric(V) Acid - Oxidizing Properties
Uses of Nitric(V) Acid and Introduction to Nitrates
Action of Heat on Nitrates - Decomposition Patterns
Test for Nitrates - Brown Ring Test
Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds
Pollution Control and Environmental Solutions
Comprehensive Problem Solving - Nitrogen Chemistry
Laboratory Practical Assessment - Nitrogen Compounds
Industrial Applications and Economic Importance
Chapter Review and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate strong oxidizing properties
Test reactions with FeSO₄, sulfur, and copper
Observe formation of nitrogen dioxide
Explain electron transfer in oxidation

Experiments: (a) Add concentrated HNO₃ to acidified FeSO₄ - observe color change. (b) Add to sulfur - observe reaction. (c) Add to copper turnings - observe vigorous reaction and brown fumes. Explain oxidizing power and reduction to NO₂.

Concentrated nitric acid, Iron(II) sulfate, Sulfur powder, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Fume cupboard access
Industrial use charts, Nitrate salt samples, Preparation method diagrams, Safety data sheets
Various nitrate salts, Test tubes, Bunsen burner, Gas collection apparatus, Glowing splints, Observation recording sheets
Sodium nitrate, Fresh FeSO₄ solution, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Copper turnings, Test tubes, Unknown nitrate samples
Environmental pollution charts, Acid rain effect photos, Vehicle emission diagrams, Control measure illustrations
Case studies, Pollution control technology information, Group activity worksheets, Local environmental data
Scientific calculators, Comprehensive problem sets, Industrial data sheets, Experimental result tables
Unknown nitrogen compounds, All laboratory chemicals and apparatus used in chapter, Safety equipment, Assessment rubrics
Economic data sheets, Industry case studies, Agricultural statistics, Cost-benefit analysis templates
Concept mapping materials, Comparison charts, Flow diagram templates, Integration worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 150-151