CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To identify organisms in pond water.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Edible mushroom.
Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 
KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.
Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.
Chart tilapia fish.
Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY

Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.
Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.
Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.
Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.
Food chains.
Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.
text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart
charts
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.
Water pollution.
Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.
Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.



Detailed discussion & probing questions.

text book
Standard quadrats.
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
topic related video
video of water pollution
text book
magazine
Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.
Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book
chart
charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding.
Budding in yeast.
Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope
Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.
Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.
Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book
A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.
Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS
GENETICS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.
Implantation.
The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
Introduction to Genetics and Variation
Observable Variations in Human Beings
Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
Causes of Variation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.
Tabulate functional differences.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
Chart- The placenta.
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Ink pad, plain paper, metre rule, exercise books
Graph paper, rulers, height data from previous lesson, textbook

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
CERTIFICATE PG 160

GENETICS

Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Behaviour During Mitosis
Chromosome Behaviour During Meiosis
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Mendel's Experiments and First Law
Monohybrid Inheritance Concepts
Genetic Crosses and Punnet Squares
Probability in Inheritance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of chromosomes. Define chromatids, centromere and genes. Explain homologous chromosomes and chromosome numbers.

Drawing labeled chromosome diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome pairs in different species. Student drawing exercises.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pencils
Colored threads (6cm and 3cm), scissors, manila paper, string for tying knots
Colored threads, manila paper, textbook
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Coins, exercise books for recording, calculators (if available), textbook

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 5-6

GENETICS

Modeling Random Gamete Fusion
Complete Dominance Problems
Incomplete Dominance
ABO Blood Group System
Rhesus Factor and Unknown Genotypes
Sex Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate random fusion of gametes. Use simple materials to model inheritance. Analyze experimental vs expected results.

Practical activity using different colored beans to represent gametes. Data collection and analysis. Discussion on sample size effects.

Different colored beans (or maize grains), small containers, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk (if available)
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 19-20

GENETICS

Gene Linkage
Sex-linked Inheritance - Color Blindness
Sex-linked Inheritance - Haemophilia
Crossing Over and Recombination
Chromosomal Mutations - Non-disjunction
Chromosomal Mutations - Polyploidy
Gene Mutations
Genetic Disorders - Albinism
Genetic Disorders - Sickle Cell Anaemia
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Applications of Genetics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gene linkage and linkage groups. Explain inheritance of linked genes. Understand why some genes are inherited together.

Exposition on linked genes using simple diagrams. Examples from fruit fly genetics drawn on chalkboard. Discussion on chromosome maps.

Textbook, chalkboard, chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, rulers
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, colored chalk
Textbook, chalkboard, chalk, simple text examples
Textbook, local plant examples, chalkboard
Textbook, local breeding examples, chalkboard

KLB Secondary Biology Form 4, Pages 27-28