METALS

Chemical Properties I - Reaction with Air
Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with air and oxygen
- Write balanced equations for metal oxidation
- Compare reactivity patterns
- Explain tarnishing and oxide formation
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

Experiment 5.1: Heat metals in air - sodium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper
- Observe color changes and products
- Record observations in Table 5.3
- Write oxidation equations
Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Deflagrating spoons, metal samples (Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu), Bunsen burners, safety equipment
Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 152-154
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties III - Reaction with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with chlorine gas
- Write equations for chloride formation
- Compare reaction vigor
- Observe product characteristics

Experiment 5.3: React hot metals with chlorine gas (FUME CUPBOARD)
- Observe color changes and fume formation
- Record all observations
- Write balanced equations

Chlorine gas, gas jars, metal samples, tongs, deflagrating spoons, fume cupboard, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 156-157

METALS

Chemical Properties IV - Reaction with Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with dilute and concentrated acids
- Compare reaction patterns
- Write chemical equations
- Explain passivation effects

Experiment 5.4: Test metals with various acids - HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄
- Use Table 5.5 for systematic recording
- Observe gas evolution
- Discuss passivation

Various acids (dilute and concentrated), metal strips, test tubes, gas collection apparatus, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 157-158

METALS

Chemical Properties IV - Reaction with Acids
Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with dilute and concentrated acids
- Compare reaction patterns
- Write chemical equations
- Explain passivation effects
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

Experiment 5.4: Test metals with various acids - HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄
- Use Table 5.5 for systematic recording
- Observe gas evolution
- Discuss passivation
Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Various acids (dilute and concentrated), metal strips, test tubes, gas collection apparatus, safety equipment
Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 157-158
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Uses of Metals II - Zinc, Copper and Iron

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain galvanization process
- Describe copper electrical applications
- Compare iron, steel, and cast iron uses
- Analyze alloy compositions and properties

Study galvanization and rust prevention
- Copper in electrical applications
- Different types of steel and their compositions
- Alloy property comparisons

Galvanized sheets, copper wires, steel samples, alloy composition charts, brass and bronze samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

METALS

Steel Types and Alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare cast iron, wrought iron, and steel
- Analyze different steel compositions
- Explain alloy property enhancement
- Describe specialized steel applications

Study cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, and stainless steel
- Analyze carbon content effects
- Specialized steels for tools and instruments
- Discussion on alloy design

Steel samples with different compositions, carbon content charts, specialized tools, stainless steel items

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

METALS

Steel Types and Alloys
Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare cast iron, wrought iron, and steel
- Analyze different steel compositions
- Explain alloy property enhancement
- Describe specialized steel applications
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

Study cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, and stainless steel
- Analyze carbon content effects
- Specialized steels for tools and instruments
- Discussion on alloy design
Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Steel samples with different compositions, carbon content charts, specialized tools, stainless steel items
Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162

METALS

Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162

RADIOACTIVITY

Introduction, Nuclear Stability and Types of Radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nuclide, isotope, and radioisotope
- Compare nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Explain neutron/proton ratios
- Distinguish natural from artificial radioactivity

Q/A: Review atomic structure from Form 2
- Study Table 7.1 - nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Analysis of neutron/proton ratios and nuclear stability
- Discussion on natural vs artificial radioactivity

Periodic table, atomic structure charts, Table 7.1, nuclear stability diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-201

RADIOACTIVITY

Types of Radiation and Their Properties
Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Compare penetrating abilities and ionizing power
- Explain electric field deflection
- Analyze safety implications

Study alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) characteristics
- Figure 7.2 - penetrating power demonstration
- Figure 7.3 - electric field effects
- Discussion on radiation protection and detection

Radiation type charts, penetration diagrams, electric field illustrations, safety equipment charts
Graph paper, Table 7.2 data, calculators, decay curve examples, half-life data table

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 201-204

RADIOACTIVITY

Half-Life Calculations and Problem Solving
Nuclear Reactions and Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex half-life problems
- Determine original amounts from remaining masses
- Apply step-by-step and formula methods
- Compare isotope decay rates
Write balanced nuclear equations
- Apply conservation laws for mass and atomic numbers
- Explain alpha and beta emission effects
- Balance complex nuclear reactions

Worked examples on half-life calculations using both methods
- Practice determining original amounts
- Study various isotope half-lives
- Comprehensive problem-solving sessions
Practice writing nuclear equations for alpha emission
- Study beta emission examples
- Apply mass and atomic number conservation
- Balance various nuclear reactions with missing nuclides

Calculators, comprehensive problem sets, worked examples, isotope half-life comparison tables
Nuclear equation examples, periodic table, conservation law charts, practice worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 204-206
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 205-207

RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactive Decay Series and Sequential Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain sequential radioactive decay
- Trace decay series pathways
- Identify stable end products
- Complete partial decay series

Study thorium-232 decay series example
- Trace sequential alpha and beta emissions
- Identify stable lead-208 endpoint
- Practice completing decay series with missing nuclides

Decay series charts, thorium series diagram, nuclide stability charts, practice decay series

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 206-207

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nuclear fission process
- Explain mechanism of chain reactions
- Calculate energy release from mass defect
- Describe controlled vs uncontrolled fission

Study uranium-235 fission example
- Chain reaction mechanism and critical mass
- Energy calculation from mass-energy equivalence
- Nuclear reactor vs atomic bomb principles

Fission reaction diagrams, chain reaction illustrations, nuclear reactor diagrams, energy calculation examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 207-208

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Fusion and Energy Comparisons
Medical and Diagnostic Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nuclear fusion process
- Compare fusion with fission processes
- Write fusion equations
- Explain stellar energy production and fusion applications

Study hydrogen fusion examples
- Compare fusion vs fission characteristics and energy yields
- Stellar fusion processes
- Hydrogen bomb vs nuclear reactor principles

Fusion reaction diagrams, comparison tables, stellar fusion charts, energy comparison data
Medical radioisotope charts, treatment procedure diagrams, diagnostic equipment images, case studies

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 207-208

RADIOACTIVITY

Industrial, Agricultural and Dating Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain industrial leak detection
- Describe agricultural monitoring techniques
- Discuss carbon-14 dating principles
- Analyze food preservation methods

Study leak detection using short half-life isotopes
- Carbon-14 dating of archaeological materials
- Phosphorus tracking in agriculture
- Gamma radiation food preservation

Carbon dating examples, agricultural application charts, industrial use diagrams, food preservation data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 208-209

RADIOACTIVITY

Radiation Hazards and Environmental Impact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify radiation health hazards
- Explain genetic mutation effects
- Discuss major nuclear accidents
- Analyze long-term environmental contamination

Study Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accidents
- Genetic mutation and cancer effects
- Long-term radiation exposure consequences
- Nuclear waste disposal challenges

Accident case studies, environmental impact data, radiation exposure charts, contamination maps

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210

RADIOACTIVITY

Radiation Hazards and Environmental Impact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify radiation health hazards
- Explain genetic mutation effects
- Discuss major nuclear accidents
- Analyze long-term environmental contamination

Study Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accidents
- Genetic mutation and cancer effects
- Long-term radiation exposure consequences
- Nuclear waste disposal challenges

Accident case studies, environmental impact data, radiation exposure charts, contamination maps

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210

RADIOACTIVITY

Safety Measures and International Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain radiation protection principles
- Describe proper storage and disposal methods
- Discuss IAEA role and standards
- Analyze monitoring and control systems

Study IAEA guidelines and international cooperation
- Radiation protection protocols and ALARA principle
- Safe storage, transport and disposal methods
- Environmental monitoring systems

IAEA guidelines, safety protocol charts, monitoring equipment diagrams, international cooperation data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210

RADIOACTIVITY

Safety Measures and International Control
Half-Life Problem Solving and Graph Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain radiation protection principles
- Describe proper storage and disposal methods
- Discuss IAEA role and standards
- Analyze monitoring and control systems
Solve comprehensive half-life problems
- Analyze experimental decay data
- Plot and interpret decay curves
- Determine half-lives graphically

Study IAEA guidelines and international cooperation
- Radiation protection protocols and ALARA principle
- Safe storage, transport and disposal methods
- Environmental monitoring systems
Plot decay curves from experimental data
- Determine half-lives from graphs
- Analyze count rate vs time data
- Complex half-life calculation problems

IAEA guidelines, safety protocol charts, monitoring equipment diagrams, international cooperation data
Graph paper, experimental data sets, calculators, statistical analysis examples, comprehensive problem sets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-210

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Equations and Conservation Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Balance complex nuclear equations
- Complete nuclear reaction series
- Identify unknown nuclides using conservation laws
- Apply mass-energy relationships

Practice balancing nuclear reactions with multiple steps
- Complete partial decay series
- Identify missing nuclides using conservation principles
- Mass-energy calculation problems

Nuclear equation worksheets, periodic table, decay series diagrams, conservation law examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-210

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Equations and Conservation Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Balance complex nuclear equations
- Complete nuclear reaction series
- Identify unknown nuclides using conservation laws
- Apply mass-energy relationships

Practice balancing nuclear reactions with multiple steps
- Complete partial decay series
- Identify missing nuclides using conservation principles
- Mass-energy calculation problems

Nuclear equation worksheets, periodic table, decay series diagrams, conservation law examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-210