METALS

Chemical Properties I - Reaction with Air

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with air and oxygen
- Write balanced equations for metal oxidation
- Compare reactivity patterns
- Explain tarnishing and oxide formation

Experiment 5.1: Heat metals in air - sodium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper
- Observe color changes and products
- Record observations in Table 5.3
- Write oxidation equations

Deflagrating spoons, metal samples (Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu), Bunsen burners, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 152-154

METALS

Chemical Properties II - Reaction with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with cold water and steam
- Arrange metals by reactivity
- Explain aluminium's apparent unreactivity
- Write chemical equations for reactions

Experiment 5.2: Test metals with cold water and steam
- Use Table 5.4 for observations
- Test solutions with indicators
- Arrange metals in reactivity order

Metal samples, cold water, steam generator, test tubes, universal indicator, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 154-156

METALS

Chemical Properties III - Reaction with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate metal reactions with chlorine gas
- Write equations for chloride formation
- Compare reaction vigor
- Observe product characteristics

Experiment 5.3: React hot metals with chlorine gas (FUME CUPBOARD)
- Observe color changes and fume formation
- Record all observations
- Write balanced equations

Chlorine gas, gas jars, metal samples, tongs, deflagrating spoons, fume cupboard, safety equipment

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 156-157

METALS

Chemical Properties IV - Reaction with Acids
Uses of Metals I - Sodium and Aluminium
Uses of Metals II - Zinc, Copper and Iron

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test metal reactions with dilute and concentrated acids
- Compare reaction patterns
- Write chemical equations
- Explain passivation effects
State uses of sodium and its compounds
- Explain aluminium applications
- Relate properties to uses
- Describe alloy formation and uses

Experiment 5.4: Test metals with various acids - HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄
- Use Table 5.5 for systematic recording
- Observe gas evolution
- Discuss passivation
Discussion on sodium uses in industry
- Aluminium applications in transport and construction
- Study duralumin and other alloys
- Property-use relationships

Various acids (dilute and concentrated), metal strips, test tubes, gas collection apparatus, safety equipment
Charts showing metal applications, alloy samples, aircraft parts, cooking vessels
Galvanized sheets, copper wires, steel samples, alloy composition charts, brass and bronze samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 157-158
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 158-159

METALS

Steel Types and Alloys

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare cast iron, wrought iron, and steel
- Analyze different steel compositions
- Explain alloy property enhancement
- Describe specialized steel applications

Study cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, and stainless steel
- Analyze carbon content effects
- Specialized steels for tools and instruments
- Discussion on alloy design

Steel samples with different compositions, carbon content charts, specialized tools, stainless steel items

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 159-161

METALS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Environmental Effects of Metal Extraction
Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify environmental impacts of mining
- Explain pollution from metal extraction
- Describe waste management strategies
- Discuss NEMA regulations in Kenya

Analysis of mining environmental impact
- Air, water, and land pollution from extraction
- Waste management and slag utilization
- NEMA role and regulations

Environmental impact case studies, pollution images, NEMA regulation documents, waste management examples
Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 161-162

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences

Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer
Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols I
Chemical Properties of Alkanols II
Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Test reactions of ethanol with various reagents
- Write equations for ethanol reactions
- Identify products formed
- Explain reaction mechanisms
State various uses of alkanols
- Explain health effects of alcohol consumption
- Discuss methylated spirits
- Analyze alcohol in society

Experiment 6.2: Test ethanol with burning, universal indicator, sodium metal, acids
- Record observations in Table 6.4
- Write balanced equations
- Discuss reaction types
Discussion on alkanol applications as solvents, fuels, antiseptics
- Health effects of alcohol consumption
- Methylated spirits composition
- Social implications

Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes
Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus
Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-175
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 176-177

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents

Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation

Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects
Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects
Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters
Define polymers, monomers, and polymerization
- Explain addition polymerization
- Draw polymer structures
- Calculate polymer properties

Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations
Study polymer concept and terminology
- Practice drawing addition polymers from monomers
- Examples: polyethene, polypropene, PVC
- Calculate molecular masses

Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials
Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents
Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 191-195

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers
Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples
Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201

RADIOACTIVITY

Introduction, Nuclear Stability and Types of Radioactivity
Types of Radiation and Their Properties
Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Concept
Half-Life Calculations and Problem Solving
Nuclear Reactions and Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define nuclide, isotope, and radioisotope
- Compare nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Explain neutron/proton ratios
- Distinguish natural from artificial radioactivity
Solve complex half-life problems
- Determine original amounts from remaining masses
- Apply step-by-step and formula methods
- Compare isotope decay rates

Q/A: Review atomic structure from Form 2
- Study Table 7.1 - nuclear vs chemical reactions
- Analysis of neutron/proton ratios and nuclear stability
- Discussion on natural vs artificial radioactivity
Worked examples on half-life calculations using both methods
- Practice determining original amounts
- Study various isotope half-lives
- Comprehensive problem-solving sessions

Periodic table, atomic structure charts, Table 7.1, nuclear stability diagrams
Radiation type charts, penetration diagrams, electric field illustrations, safety equipment charts
Graph paper, Table 7.2 data, calculators, decay curve examples, half-life data table
Calculators, comprehensive problem sets, worked examples, isotope half-life comparison tables
Nuclear equation examples, periodic table, conservation law charts, practice worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-201
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 204-206

RADIOACTIVITY

Radioactive Decay Series and Sequential Reactions
Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Comparisons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain sequential radioactive decay
- Trace decay series pathways
- Identify stable end products
- Complete partial decay series

Study thorium-232 decay series example
- Trace sequential alpha and beta emissions
- Identify stable lead-208 endpoint
- Practice completing decay series with missing nuclides

Decay series charts, thorium series diagram, nuclide stability charts, practice decay series
Fission reaction diagrams, chain reaction illustrations, nuclear reactor diagrams, energy calculation examples
Fusion reaction diagrams, comparison tables, stellar fusion charts, energy comparison data

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 206-207

RADIOACTIVITY

Medical and Diagnostic Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of radioisotopes
- Explain cancer treatment using radiation
- Discuss diagnostic procedures and imaging
- Analyze therapeutic vs diagnostic uses

Study cobalt-60 and caesium-137 in cancer treatment
- Iodine-131 in thyroid monitoring
- Bone growth and fracture healing monitoring
- Sterilization of surgical instruments

Medical radioisotope charts, treatment procedure diagrams, diagnostic equipment images, case studies

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 208-209

RADIOACTIVITY

Industrial, Agricultural and Dating Applications
Radiation Hazards and Environmental Impact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain industrial leak detection
- Describe agricultural monitoring techniques
- Discuss carbon-14 dating principles
- Analyze food preservation methods

Study leak detection using short half-life isotopes
- Carbon-14 dating of archaeological materials
- Phosphorus tracking in agriculture
- Gamma radiation food preservation

Carbon dating examples, agricultural application charts, industrial use diagrams, food preservation data
Accident case studies, environmental impact data, radiation exposure charts, contamination maps

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 208-209

RADIOACTIVITY

Safety Measures and International Control
Half-Life Problem Solving and Graph Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain radiation protection principles
- Describe proper storage and disposal methods
- Discuss IAEA role and standards
- Analyze monitoring and control systems
Solve comprehensive half-life problems
- Analyze experimental decay data
- Plot and interpret decay curves
- Determine half-lives graphically

Study IAEA guidelines and international cooperation
- Radiation protection protocols and ALARA principle
- Safe storage, transport and disposal methods
- Environmental monitoring systems
Plot decay curves from experimental data
- Determine half-lives from graphs
- Analyze count rate vs time data
- Complex half-life calculation problems

IAEA guidelines, safety protocol charts, monitoring equipment diagrams, international cooperation data
Graph paper, experimental data sets, calculators, statistical analysis examples, comprehensive problem sets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 209-210
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-210

RADIOACTIVITY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nuclear Equations and Conservation Laws
Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Balance complex nuclear equations
- Complete nuclear reaction series
- Identify unknown nuclides using conservation laws
- Apply mass-energy relationships

Practice balancing nuclear reactions with multiple steps
- Complete partial decay series
- Identify missing nuclides using conservation principles
- Mass-energy calculation problems

Nuclear equation worksheets, periodic table, decay series diagrams, conservation law examples
Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 199-210

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify natural sources of alkanes
Describe composition of natural gas and biogas
Explain crude oil as major source of alkanes
Describe biogas digester and its operation

Discussion: Natural gas composition (80% methane). Explanation: Biogas formation from organic waste decomposition. Teacher demonstration: Biogas digester model/diagram. Q/A: Environmental benefits of biogas production.

Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fractional distillation process
Perform fractional distillation of crude oil
Identify different fractions and their uses
Relate boiling points to molecular size

Experiment: Fractional distillation of crude oil using improvised column. Collect fractions at different temperatures (120°C intervals up to 350°C). Test fractions for appearance, flammability, and viscosity. Record observations and relate to molecular size.

Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 87-89

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods
Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept
Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define cracking of alkanes
Distinguish between thermal and catalytic cracking
Write equations for cracking reactions
Explain industrial importance of cracking
Define homologous series using alkanes
Write molecular formulas for first 10 alkanes
Identify characteristics of homologous series
Apply general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ for alkanes

Teacher exposition: Definition and purpose of cracking. Discussion: Thermal vs catalytic cracking conditions. Worked examples: Cracking equations producing smaller alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen. Q/A: Industrial applications and hydrogen production.
Teacher exposition: Homologous series definition and characteristics. Table completion: Names, molecular formulas, and structures of first 10 alkanes. Discussion: General formula application. Pattern recognition: Gradual change in physical properties.

Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration
Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table
Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 89-90
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define isomerism in alkanes
Draw structural isomers of butane and pentane
Distinguish between chain and positional isomerism
Predict number of isomers for given alkanes

Teacher exposition: Isomerism definition and types. Practical exercise: Draw all isomers of butane and pentane. Discussion: Physical property differences between isomers. Model building: Use molecular models to show isomeric structures.

Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 92-94

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of methane
Perform methane preparation experiment safely
Test physical and chemical properties of methane
Write equation for methane preparation

Experiment: Heat mixture of sodium ethanoate and soda lime. Collect methane gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, reaction with bromine in dark. Record observations in table format. Safety precautions during gas collection.

Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
Physical Properties of Alkanes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethane using sodium propanoate and soda lime
Compare preparation methods of methane and ethane
Test properties of ethane gas
Write general equation for alkane preparation

Experiment: Prepare ethane from sodium propanoate and soda lime. Compare with methane preparation method. Carry out similar tests as for methane. Discussion: General pattern for alkane preparation from sodium alkanoates.

Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials
Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution
Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for complete and incomplete combustion
Explain substitution reactions with halogens
Describe conditions for halogenation reactions
Name halogenated alkane products
List major uses of different alkanes
Explain industrial applications of alkanes
Describe environmental considerations
Evaluate economic importance of alkanes

Worked examples: Combustion equations for various alkanes. Teacher demonstration: Methane + bromine in sunlight (or simulation). Discussion: Free radical mechanism in substitution. Practice: Write equations for chlorination of methane.
Discussion: Uses of gaseous alkanes as fuels. Teacher exposition: Industrial applications - carbon black, methanol production, hydrogen source. Q/A: Environmental impact and cleaner fuel initiatives. Assignment: Research local uses of alkane products.

Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets
Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 97-98
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 98-100

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkenes and unsaturation
Identify the C=C functional group
Write general formula for alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ)
Compare alkenes with alkanes

Teacher exposition: Alkenes definition and unsaturation concept. Introduction: C=C double bond as functional group. Table study: First 6 members of alkene series. Comparison: Alkenes vs alkanes - formulas and structures.

Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 100-101

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC rules for naming alkenes
Number carbon chains to give lowest numbers to double bonds
Name branched alkenes with substituents
Distinguish position isomers of alkenes

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of alkenes. Rules application: Longest chain with double bond, numbering from end nearest double bond. Practice exercises: Name various alkene structures. Group work: Complex branched alkenes with substituents.

IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 101-102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethene

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethene by dehydration of ethanol
Describe role of concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up apparatus safely for ethene preparation
Test physical and chemical properties of ethene

Experiment: Dehydration of ethanol using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C. Use sand bath for controlled heating. Pass gas through NaOH to remove impurities. Tests: Bromine water, acidified KMnO₄, combustion. Safety precautions with concentrated acid.

Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic dehydration using aluminum oxide
Compare different preparation methods
List physical properties of ethene
Explain trends in alkene physical properties
Explain addition reactions due to C=C double bond
Write equations for halogenation of alkenes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Explain addition mechanism

Demonstration: Alternative method using Al₂O₃ catalyst. Comparison: Acid vs catalytic dehydration methods. Data analysis: Physical properties of alkenes table. Discussion: Property trends with increasing molecular size.
Teacher exposition: Addition reactions definition and mechanism. Worked examples: Ethene + Cl₂, Br₂, HBr, H₂. Discussion: Markovnikov's rule for unsymmetrical addition. Practice: Various addition reaction equations.

Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts
Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 105-107

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization
Tests for Alkenes and Uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oxidation by KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇
Explain polymerization of ethene
Define monomers and polymers
Write equations for polymer formation

Demonstration: Decolorization of KMnO₄ by alkenes. Teacher exposition: Polymerization process and polymer formation. Examples: Ethene → polyethene formation. Discussion: Industrial importance of polymerization. Practice: Write polymerization equations.

Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models
Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 107-108

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkynes and triple bond structure
Write general formula for alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂)
Identify first members of alkyne series
Compare degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons

Teacher exposition: Alkynes definition and C≡C triple bond. Table study: First 6 members of alkyne series with structures. Discussion: Degrees of unsaturation - alkanes vs alkenes vs alkynes. Model demonstration: Triple bond representation.

Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 109-110

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC naming rules for alkynes
Name branched alkynes with substituents
Draw structural isomers of alkynes
Identify branching and positional isomerism

Teacher demonstration: Systematic naming of alkynes using -yne suffix. Practice exercises: Name various alkyne structures. Drawing exercise: Isomers of pentyne and hexyne. Group work: Complex branched alkynes with multiple substituents.

IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 110-111

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes
Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests
Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethyne from calcium carbide and water
Set up gas collection apparatus safely
Test physical and chemical properties of ethyne
Write equation for ethyne preparation
Write equations for halogenation of alkynes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Compare reaction rates: alkynes vs alkenes
Perform chemical tests for alkynes

Experiment: Calcium carbide + water reaction. Use sand layer for heat absorption. Collect ethyne over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, bromine water, acidified KMnO₄. Safety: Dry apparatus, controlled water addition.
Worked examples: Two-step addition reactions of ethyne with Br₂, Cl₂, H₂. Discussion: Faster reaction rates in alkynes compared to alkenes. Practical session: Test alkynes with oxidizing agents. Comparison: Rate of decolorization vs alkenes.

Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples
Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison
Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 111-112
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 113-115