Materials for Production

Wood - Classification of wood according to physical characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of wood available in the environment
- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Appreciate the variety of wood types in the local environment

- Use print or digital resources to search for information on types of wood available
- Observe and identify trees in the environment
- Sort wood as either softwood or hardwood using a checklist

Which kind of trees do you have in your community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 69
- Assorted pieces of wood
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood types

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification of wood according to physical characteristics
Wood - Preparation of wood for use in the production of items
Wood - Preparation of wood for use in the production of items
Wood - Types of wood and their uses in the community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare the physical properties of hardwood and softwood
- Identify examples of hardwood and softwood
- Show interest in wood varieties and their properties

- Take a walk around the school compound or community to identify trees
- Observe the physical characteristics of each tree
- Group wood types based on their characteristics
- Create a comparison chart of hardwood and softwood properties

What are the physical differences between hardwood and softwood?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 70
- Assorted pieces of wood
- Sample trees in the environment
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Charts showing conversion methods
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 74
- Pictures showing wood seasoning methods
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 75
- Pictures of wooden items
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Checklist - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Wood - Types of wood and their uses in the community
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of wood in various trades
- Explain applications of different wood types in trades
- Value the versatility of wood in various trades

- Use available print reference materials and digital resources to find out how wood is used in different trades
- Visit various places in the community to observe how wood is used
- Create charts showing uses of wood in various trades

How is wood utilized in different trades?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 77
- Reference materials
- Digital resources
- Community resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 79
- Charts
- Local wood products
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 81
- Crossword puzzles
- Self-reflection forms

- Observation - Community visit reports - Charts assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Waste materials found in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials in the environment
- Explain the sources of waste materials
- Show concern for waste management

- Discuss what waste materials are
- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Write a list of waste materials seen in the environment
- Share findings in class

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 93
- School environment
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 94
- Pictures of waste materials

- Observation - Field notes - Oral presentation

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Ways of handling waste materials safely in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safe ways of handling waste materials
- Describe different approaches to waste management
- Value safe waste handling practices

- Use print reference materials or digital devices to search for information on safe ways of handling and disposing waste materials
- Write short notes on findings
- Present findings in class

What are the safe ways of handling different types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 95
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 96
- Pictures of waste handling methods
- Digital resources

- Note-taking - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - Disposing waste materials using appropriate methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify appropriate waste disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste disposal techniques
- Show responsibility in waste disposal

- Collect waste materials around the school compound
- Sort waste materials by type
- Place waste in appropriate garbage containers
- Practice proper waste disposal as guided by the teacher

How should different types of waste be disposed of?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 97
- Personal protective equipment
- Garbage bags or containers
- Dustbins

- Observation - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Materials for Production

Waste Materials - The need for proper handling of waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste handling
- Describe the impact of waste on the environment
- Value the importance of proper waste management

- Take a walk in the locality to observe how businesses handle waste
- Find out from local people why proper waste handling is important
- Write findings in exercise books
- Present findings in class

Why is proper waste handling important for our environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 98
- Local community resources
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 99
- Charts
- Pictures showing proper waste handling

- Field notes - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Materials for Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production

Waste Materials - The need for proper handling of waste materials in the environment
Holding Tools - Holding tools used in day-to-day life
Holding Tools - Selecting holding tools for performing given tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems related to waste management
- Complete a self-reflection on waste management
- Show responsibility towards environmental conservation

- Work on problem-solving exercises related to waste management
- Complete a self-reflection form on waste materials learning
- Discuss environmental conservation strategies

How can we apply what we've learned about waste management in our daily lives?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 100
- Self-reflection forms
- Problem-solving exercises
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 113
- Visual aids
- Real holding tools
- Pictures of holding tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 115
- Task scenarios
- Holding tools

- Problem-solving questions - Self-assessment - Written tests

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Uses of holding tools
Holding Tools - Caring for holding tools used in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe tasks performed using holding tools
- Explain uses of different holding tools
- Appreciate the importance of holding tools in task performance

- Study pictures of people using holding tools
- Describe tasks being carried out in each picture
- Name holding tools being used
- Create a table matching holding tools to their uses

How are different holding tools used in the workplace?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 116
- Pictures of holding tools in use
- Digital resources
- Video links
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 117
- Holding tools
- Safety equipment
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 119
- Pictures of tool maintenance
- Cleaning materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Table assessment

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Importance of holding tools in day-to-day life
Driving Tools - Driving tools used in day-to-day life
Driving Tools - Selecting driving tools for performing given tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of holding tools
- Describe how holding tools help in task performance
- Value the role of holding tools in daily activities

- Study a picture of a worker using a holding tool
- Discuss how the holding tool helps the worker
- Explain how holding tools ensure safety
- Describe the importance of holding tools in the community

How do holding tools make work easier and safer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 120
- Pictures of workers using holding tools
- Digital resources
- Community resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 121
- Word search puzzles
- Problem-solving exercises
- Self-reflection forms
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of driving tools
- Real driving tools
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 125
- Task scenarios
- Driving tools

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe tasks performed using driving tools
- Explain uses of different driving tools
- Value the importance of driving tools in task performance

- Study pictures of people using driving tools
- Describe what is happening in each picture
- Discuss the uses of different driving tools
- Mention tasks observed being performed using driving tools

How are different driving tools used in a workplace?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 127
- Pictures of driving tools in use
- Digital resources
- Video links

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Uses of driving tools
Driving Tools - Caring for driving tools used in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Follow safety guidelines when using driving tools
- Show responsibility in using driving tools safely

- Search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Create a skit demonstrating safe use of driving tools
- Practice using driving tools while following safety guidelines
- Observe safety rules during demonstrations

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 128
- Driving tools
- Safety equipment
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 130
- Pictures of tool maintenance
- Cleaning materials

- Observation - Demonstration - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Importance of driving tools in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of driving tools
- Identify tasks that require driving tools
- Appreciate the role of driving tools in daily life

- Mention tasks that can be performed using driving tools
- Discuss the importance of driving tools in day-to-day life
- Explain how driving tools make work easier
- Describe safety benefits of proper tool use

How do driving tools improve productivity and safety?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pictures of tasks using driving tools
- Digital resources
- Community resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 132
- Crossword puzzles
- Problem-solving exercises
- Self-reflection forms

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of channels of distribution
- Describe the role of intermediaries
- Appreciate the importance of distribution channels

- Discuss and present the meaning of channels of distribution
- Explain the role of intermediaries in distribution
- Search for information on intermediaries in distribution
- Present findings to the class

Why are intermediaries important in the distribution of goods and services?

- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Charts showing distribution channels

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of intermediaries
- Explain functions of various intermediaries
- Value the contribution of intermediaries in distribution

- Discuss different types of intermediaries
- Explain the functions of each type of intermediary
- Create a chart showing intermediaries and their functions
- Present findings to the class

How do different intermediaries serve in the distribution process?

- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Charts
- Pictures of intermediaries
- Video clips
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral presentation - Chart assessment

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods and services
Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethical and unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare different distribution channels
- Analyze factors affecting channel choice
- Appreciate the importance of selecting appropriate channels

- Analyze case studies on different distribution channels
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of each channel
- Discuss factors affecting choice of distribution channel
- Present findings to the class

How do businesses decide which distribution channel to use?

- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Charts
- Reference books
- Reference books
- Newspaper articles

- Case study analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethical and unethical practices
Distribution of Goods and Services - Participation in distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze the impact of unethical practices
- Suggest ways to promote ethical practices
- Show commitment to ethical business conduct

- Analyze case studies on unethical distribution practices
- Discuss the impact of unethical practices on consumers
- Suggest ways to promote ethical practices
- Role play ethical and unethical scenarios

How do unethical distribution practices affect consumers and businesses?

- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Reference books
- Role play scenarios
- Local businesses
- Community resources
- Interview guides

- Case study analysis - Role play assessment - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in the locality
- Describe causes of identified problems
- Show interest in solving community problems

- Explore the locality to identify problems
- Observe activities in different areas of the locality
- Interview community members about challenges
- Record findings in a structured format

What problems in our locality can be solved using skills from Pre-Technical Studies?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 153
- Community resources
- Questionnaires
- Recording materials

- Observation - Interview assessment - Field notes

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems to be solved
Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze collected data on community problems
- Select problems that can be solved using acquired skills
- Appreciate the value of problem-solving

- Analyze data collected during community visit
- Identify skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Select problems that can be solved using the skills
- Describe how solving the problems benefits the community

Which problems can be effectively addressed with our existing skills?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 154
- Collected data
- Digital resources
- Presentation materials
- Reference materials
- Problem analysis tools

- Data analysis - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting an item to solve the identified problem
Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate potential solutions based on effectiveness
- Consider resources, skills, and time constraints
- Value sustainable problem-solving approaches

- Discuss possible items that can be made to solve the problem
- Consider materials and tools required
- Evaluate skills required and cost implications
- Select one item to make for solving the problem

What factors should we consider when selecting a solution?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 155
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Evaluation tools
- Drawing materials
- Reference materials

- Observation - Decision-making assessment - Written justification

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify materials and tools needed
- Source materials from the locality
- Show responsibility in resource gathering

- Use resources to identify materials and tools needed
- Select appropriate materials and tools
- Identify places to source materials
- Collect and store materials safely

What locally available materials can we use for our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Local materials
- Digital resources
- Tool catalogs

- Material selection - Sourcing strategy - Resource management

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Follow safety procedures
- Use tools and materials appropriately
- Show responsibility during the making process

- Wear appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin making the item following planned steps

What safety considerations are important during the making process?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Safety gear
- Tools and materials
- Work space

- Observation - Safety compliance - Work progress

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete the making process
- Evaluate the finished item
- Show pride in the finished product

- Complete the making of the designed item
- Clean the working area and tools
- Store tools properly
- Evaluate the finished item

How can we evaluate the quality of our finished item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Tools and materials
- Cleaning supplies
- Evaluation tools
- Cost calculation tools
- Digital resources
- Pricing guides

- Product assessment - Workspace management - Self-evaluation

Tools and Production

Project - Making an item to solve the problem
Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Present the finished item effectively
- Explain how the item solves the identified problem
- Value feedback for improvement

- Present the finished item to the class
- Explain how the item solves the identified problem
- Demonstrate how the item works
- Receive feedback from classmates

How effectively does our item solve the identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 156
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Documentation tools
- Community resources

- Presentation - Product demonstration - Peer feedback

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the success of the solution
- Identify areas for improvement
- Show commitment to continuous improvement

- Evaluate how well the item solved the problem
- Identify strengths and weaknesses of the solution
- Suggest improvements for future projects
- Complete a self-reflection form

What have we learned from this project and how can we improve?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Evaluation tools
- Self-reflection forms
- Feedback data

- Solution evaluation - Improvement suggestions - Self-reflection

Tools and Production

Project - Utilizing skills to solve problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Share project learning with the community
- Promote sustainable problem-solving
- Value community engagement

- Present the project to community members
- Explain the problem-solving process
- Demonstrate how the solution works
- Gather community feedback

How can we share our learning and solutions with the wider community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 157
- Finished item
- Presentation materials
- Community venue
- Project documentation
- Digital resources
- Reporting templates

- Community presentation - Engagement assessment - Feedback collection

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Financial Services - Classification of financial institutions in Kenya
Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial institutions

- Study images of financial institutions
- Identify types of financial institutions shown
- Give examples of financial institutions identified
- Name financial institutions available in the locality

What financial institutions do you know?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of financial institutions
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 161
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 162
- Presentation materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 164
- Presentation tools

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business
Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways government gets involved in business
- Explain reasons for government involvement
- Appreciate the role of government in business

- Study pictures showing government involvement in business
- Discuss ways government gets involved in business
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Present findings in class

Why does the government get involved in business activities?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 169
- Pictures showing government involvement
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 170
- Flashcards
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 171
- Pictures of regulatory actions

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Ways of government involvement in business
Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya
Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe various ways of government involvement
- Explain the importance of each involvement method
- Appreciate government's role in business

- Use available resources to search for information on government involvement in business
- Describe ways government gets involved
- Present findings in class
- Create a chart showing ways of government involvement

What are the different ways the government gets involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 172
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 173
- Pictures of public facilities
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 175

- Research assessment - Oral presentation - Chart quality

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - e-Government services in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services in business
- Appreciate the value of digital government services

- Analyze a case study on e-Government
- Define e-Government services
- Identify e-Government services for business
- Discuss benefits of e-Government services

How has e-Government improved business processes?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 176
- Case study
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Importance of a business plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define a business plan
- Explain the importance of a business plan
- Value the role of planning in business

- Brainstorm on the meaning and importance of a business plan
- Discuss how a business plan helps entrepreneurs
- Explain reasons for making a business plan
- Share findings with the class

Why is a business plan important for entrepreneurs?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Video link
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 181

- Observation - Oral questions - Discussion assessment

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Components of a business plan
Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a business plan
- Describe each component
- Value the structure of a business plan

- Study a chart showing components of a business plan
- Describe each component
- Study sample business plans
- Present the discussion in class

What are the key components of a successful business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 183
- Charts
- Sample business plans
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 184
- Case studies
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book pg. 185
- Business plan template
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral presentation - Written assignments