Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors - Terms associated with concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the types of curved mirrors
- Differentiate between concave and convex mirrors
- Appreciate the applications of curved mirrors in day to day life

- Discuss the types of curved mirrors (concave, convex, and parabolic surfaces)
- Use shiny spoons to demonstrate the difference between concave and convex reflective surfaces
- Observe and record how images are formed by the inner and outer surfaces of the spoon

How are curved mirrors used in day to day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 133)
- Shiny spoons
- Digital resources on curved mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 135)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of a concave mirror

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Determining focal length of concave mirror
Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Perform an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror
- Value the practical approach in determining properties of mirrors

- Set up a concave mirror to focus an image of a distant object on a screen
- Measure the distance between the mirror and the screen
- Record and analyze the results to determine the focal length

Why is it important to know the focal length of a concave mirror?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 137)
- Concave mirrors
- Rulers
- White screens or plain paper
- Mirror holders
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 140)
- Plain paper
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments

- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (beyond C)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at C)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond C
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature
- Use the ray diagrams to determine image characteristics (size, position, nature)
- Compare theoretical predictions with practical observations

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed beyond the center of curvature?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 143)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 144)

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between C and F)
Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (at F)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between C and F
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the systematic approach in determining image properties

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Verify the results through practical observation

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the center of curvature and the principal focus?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 145)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 147)

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Image formation by concave mirrors (between F and P)
Curved mirrors - Characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between F and P
- Describe the characteristics of images formed
- Appreciate the practical applications of this image formation

- Draw ray diagrams to locate images when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole
- Determine the characteristics of images formed
- Discuss practical applications like magnifying mirrors

What are the characteristics of images formed when objects are placed between the principal focus and the pole?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 148)
- Concave mirrors
- Drawing instruments
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 149)
- Previous ray diagrams

- Observation - Ray diagram assessment - Written descriptions

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by concave mirrors experimentally
Curved mirrors - Terms associated with convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up an experiment to locate images formed by concave mirrors
- Record and analyze experimental observations
- Show interest in practical verification of theoretical concepts

- Set up experiments to locate images formed by concave mirrors for different object positions
- Record observations in a structured table
- Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions

How can we experimentally verify the characteristics of images formed by concave mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 150)
- Concave mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Screens
- Candles or light sources
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 153)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Charts showing the structure of convex mirrors

- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Ray diagrams for convex mirrors
Curved mirrors - Image formation by convex mirrors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw conventional ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Identify the four special rays used in ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Show interest in the ray diagram approach to locate images

- Draw conventional ray diagrams of convex mirrors
- Identify and draw the four types of rays used in ray diagrams for convex mirrors
- Analyze how these rays help locate images

How do ray diagrams help in locating images formed by convex mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 154)
- Plain paper
- Rulers
- Pencils
- Drawing instruments
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 156)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources

- Observation - Drawing assessment - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Locating images formed by convex mirrors experimentally
Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (concave mirrors)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up an experiment to locate images formed by convex mirrors
- Record and analyze experimental observations
- Show interest in practical verification of theoretical concepts

- Set up experiments to observe images formed by convex mirrors
- Record observations about the nature, size, and position of images
- Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions

How can we experimentally verify the characteristics of images formed by convex mirrors?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 159)
- Convex mirrors
- Mirror holders
- Objects of various sizes
- Rulers
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 161)
- Concave mirrors
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using concave mirrors

- Observation - Practical assessment - Written reports

Force and Energy

Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (convex mirrors)
Curved mirrors - Applications of curved mirrors (parabolic reflectors)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of convex mirrors in daily life
- Explain how the properties of convex mirrors make them suitable for specific applications
- Value the role of curved mirrors in enhancing safety and efficiency

- Research and discuss applications of convex mirrors (driving mirrors, security mirrors, eliminating blind spots)
- Explain how the wide field of view property of convex mirrors relates to their applications
- Observe examples of convex mirrors in use

What are the practical applications of convex mirrors in our daily lives?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 162)
- Convex mirrors
- Digital resources
- Examples of devices using convex mirrors
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 163)
- Examples of devices using parabolic reflectors

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Meaning of waves
Waves - Generating waves in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of waves in science
- Describe waves as a transmission of disturbance that carries energy
- Show interest in understanding wave phenomena in nature

- Read the story about John and ripples in the dam
- Discuss what happens when an object is dropped in still water
- Observe the movement of water waves and how they transport energy without moving matter

How are waves applied in our day to day life?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 166)
- Basin with water
- Small objects to drop in water
- Digital resources
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 167)
- Rope
- Speakers
- Rice or sand

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Transverse and longitudinal waves
Waves - Classifying waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves
- Demonstrate the generation of both types of waves using a slinky spring
- Show interest in classifying waves based on particle movement

- Use a slinky spring to demonstrate transverse waves (moving left to right)
- Use a slinky spring to demonstrate longitudinal waves (moving to-and-fro)
- Compare the motion of particles in both types of waves
- Observe and record the differences between these wave types

What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 169)
- Slinky springs
- Cloth pieces for marking
- Digital resources showing wave motion
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 171)
- Digital resources
- Charts showing different wave types
- Wave demonstration equipment

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawings and diagrams - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Amplitude and wavelength
Waves - Frequency and period

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define amplitude and wavelength of waves
- Identify these parameters on wave diagrams
- Appreciate the importance of these measurements in wave description

- Study diagrams of transverse and longitudinal waves
- Discuss the meaning of amplitude and wavelength
- Identify amplitude and wavelength on various wave diagrams
- Measure these parameters on drawn wave patterns

How are amplitude and wavelength measured in different types of waves?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 172)
- Wave diagrams
- Rulers
- Graph paper
- Digital simulations
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 173)
- Digital resources
- String and masses
- Stopwatches

- Observation - Practical measurements - Diagram labeling - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Waves - Practical: Period of waves
Waves - Wave speed

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the period of oscillation experimentally
- Calculate frequency from period measurements
- Value precision and accuracy in scientific measurements

- Set up an experiment with a mass on a string
- Time multiple oscillations and calculate average period
- Calculate frequency from period measurements
- Record and analyze results

How is the period of oscillation measured experimentally?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 175)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings
- Masses
- Stopwatches
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 176)
- Calculators
- Wave speed problems
- Digital resources
- Wave demonstration equipment

- Observation - Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Phase of waves
Waves - Oscillation in phase

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of phase in wave motion
- Differentiate between in-phase and out-of-phase oscillations
- Appreciate the mathematical precision in describing wave relationships

- Conduct experiments with identical pendulums oscillating in phase
- Observe pendulums with same frequency but different amplitudes
- Compare pendulums oscillating in opposite directions
- Create and analyze displacement-time graphs for different phase relationships

What determines whether waves are in phase or out of phase?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 178)
- Stands with clamps
- Strings and identical masses
- Stopwatches
- Graph paper
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 179)
- Pendulum apparatus
- Measuring equipment

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph interpretation - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Oscillation out of phase
Waves - Characteristics of waves: straight-line motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up pendulums oscillating out of phase
- Compare the displacement-time graphs of out-of-phase oscillations
- Value the mathematical description of wave phenomena

- Set up identical pendulums oscillating out of phase
- Record and compare the motion patterns
- Create displacement-time graphs for out-of-phase oscillations
- Analyze the phase difference between oscillations

What are the characteristics of oscillations that are out of phase?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 181)
- Pendulum apparatus
- Stopwatches
- Measuring equipment
- Graph paper
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 183)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Paper for tracing
- Rulers

- Observation - Practical assessment - Graph construction and analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves: reflection
Waves - Characteristics of waves: bending

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate reflection of waves in a ripple tank
- Verify that waves obey the laws of reflection
- Appreciate that various wave types follow similar behavior patterns

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers to demonstrate wave reflection
- Observe reflection patterns with barriers at different angles
- Compare the incident and reflected waves
- Verify the laws of reflection for water waves

How are waves reflected at barriers?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 184)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Metal strips as reflectors
- Paper for tracing wave patterns
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 185)
- Glass plate to create shallow region

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawing analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Characteristics of waves: diffraction
Waves - Remote sensing in relation to waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves around obstacles
- Explain how gap size affects diffraction patterns
- Appreciate diffraction as a fundamental wave property

- Set up a ripple tank with barriers having gaps of different sizes
- Generate waves and observe their behavior passing through gaps
- Compare diffraction patterns with different gap widths
- Relate observations to wave theory

How do waves behave when passing through gaps or around obstacles?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 186)
- Ripple tank
- Water
- Metal barriers with adjustable gaps
- Paper for tracing wave patterns
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 187)
- Digital resources
- Diagrams of remote sensing processes
- Video clips on remote sensing

- Observation - Practical assessment - Drawing analysis - Written reports

Force and Energy

Waves - Transmission, absorption and reflection in remote sensing
Waves - Applications of waves in everyday life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain transmission, absorption and reflection of waves in remote sensing
- Describe how wave interactions affect remote sensing data
- Value the role of wave properties in modern technology

- Study the diagram representing the remote sensing process
- Discuss each step involved in remote sensing
- Analyze how absorption and reflection differ during remote sensing
- Relate these processes to wave properties

How do transmission, absorption and reflection of waves affect remote sensing?

- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 188)
- Digital resources
- Diagrams of remote sensing processes
- Examples of remote sensing data
- Mentor Integrated Science (pg. 190)
- Examples of wave-based technologies
- Video clips on wave applications

- Observation - Diagram analysis - Group discussions - Written assignments