FORAGE CROPS

Introduction and pasture classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define forage crops and distinguish between forage and fodder crops. Define pasture and classify pastures according to stand, establishment and ecological zones. Explain the difference between natural and artificial pastures. Give examples of pastures at different altitudes.

Exposition of forage concepts. Discussion on pasture classification. Examination of grass and legume specimens from different zones.

Charts showing pasture classification, specimens of grasses and legumes, altitude maps

KLB BK III Pg 218-222

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture establishment and planting materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe methods of pasture establishment using seeds, rhizomes and splits. Explain land preparation procedures for pastures. Outline sowing methods including direct sowing, undersowing and oversowing. State seed rates and quality standards for pasture crops.

Demonstration of land preparation and establishment methods. Discussion on sowing method selection. Examination of different planting materials.

Farm tools, pasture seeds, rhizomes, splits, charts showing sowing methods

KLB BK III Pg 222-226

FORAGE CROPS

Fertilizer application and legume inoculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fertilizer application at planting time for pastures. Describe legume seed inoculation process and importance. Give examples of rhizobium strains for different legumes. State conditions necessary for effective nitrogen fixation.

Exposition of fertilizer importance and inoculation process. Demonstration of inoculation procedure. Discussion on nitrogen fixation benefits.

Fertilizer samples, rhizobium inoculant, charts showing nitrogen fixation, legume nodules

KLB BK III Pg 226-227

FORAGE CROPS

Fertilizer application and legume inoculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fertilizer application at planting time for pastures. Describe legume seed inoculation process and importance. Give examples of rhizobium strains for different legumes. State conditions necessary for effective nitrogen fixation.

Exposition of fertilizer importance and inoculation process. Demonstration of inoculation procedure. Discussion on nitrogen fixation benefits.

Fertilizer samples, rhizobium inoculant, charts showing nitrogen fixation, legume nodules

KLB BK III Pg 226-227

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify effects of weeds on pasture productivity and explain control measures. Describe top dressing procedures and reasons. Explain topping, reseeding and controlled grazing methods. State pest control measures in pastures.

Brain storming on weed problems and management practices. Discussion on fertilizer selection and grazing control. Demonstration of management principles.

Pictures of pasture weeds, fertilizer samples, slashing tools, charts showing management practices

KLB BK III Pg 227-230

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture utilization and defoliation
Carrying capacity and grazing systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors affecting forage quality including digestibility. Describe effects of early and late defoliation on pastures. Define frequency and intensity of defoliation. State proper grazing intervals for different pastures.
Define carrying capacity and stocking rate. Calculate carrying capacity based on animal requirements. Compare rotational and continuous grazing systems. Explain paddocking, strip grazing, tethering and zero grazing methods.

Exposition of forage quality factors. Discussion on defoliation effects and optimal timing. Brain storming on grazing management.
Calculation exercises on stocking rates. Discussion on grazing system selection. Examination of grazing system diagrams.

Charts showing defoliation effects, pasture quality samples, grazing schedules
Calculators, carrying capacity charts, paddocking diagrams, pictures of grazing methods

KLB BK III Pg 230-232
KLB BK III Pg 232-237

FORAGE CROPS

Napier grass production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline ecological requirements for napier grass. Distinguish between French Cameroon and Bana grass varieties. Describe land preparation and planting procedures. Explain fertilizer application, weed control and defoliation management.

Exposition of napier grass characteristics. Discussion on variety selection and management. Demonstration of planting procedures.

Napier grass specimens, stem cuttings with nodes, fertilizer samples, cutting tools

KLB BK III Pg 237-240

FORAGE CROPS

Other fodder crops

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ecological requirements for Guatemala grass and mangolds. Describe characteristics and management of Kenya white clover. Outline establishment and utilization of lucerne and desmodium varieties. State advantages of leguminous fodder crops.

Discussion on fodder crop selection. Examination of various fodder crop specimens. Brain storming on nitrogen fixation benefits.

Guatemala grass specimens, mangold samples, clover and lucerne specimens, desmodium varieties

KLB BK III Pg 240-244

FORAGE CROPS

Agroforestry fodder and conservation introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline establishment and utilization of agroforestry shrubs as fodder. Explain reasons for conserving forage including seasonal feed distribution. State methods of forage conservation. Compare hay, silage and standing forage conservation.

Discussion on agroforestry benefits. Exposition of conservation importance. Brain storming on conservation method selection.

Leucaenia and calliandra samples, charts showing conservation methods, seasonal feed charts

KLB BK III Pg 244-245

FORAGE CROPS

Hay making

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe hay making procedures and steps. Outline factors determining hay quality including species and harvesting stage. Explain proper drying and storage methods for hay. State advantages and disadvantages of hay making.

Discussion on hay making steps. Exposition of quality factors. Brain storming on quality maintenance during storage.

Hay samples, charts showing hay making process, storage equipment diagrams

KLB BK III Pg 245-247

FORAGE CROPS

Hay making

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe hay making procedures and steps. Outline factors determining hay quality including species and harvesting stage. Explain proper drying and storage methods for hay. State advantages and disadvantages of hay making.

Discussion on hay making steps. Exposition of quality factors. Brain storming on quality maintenance during storage.

Hay samples, charts showing hay making process, storage equipment diagrams

KLB BK III Pg 245-247

FORAGE CROPS

Silage making and silo types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe silage making process and advantages over hay. Compare different types of silos including trench, clamp and tower silos. Explain steps followed in making silage. State principles of silage preservation and fermentation.

Discussion on silage advantages. Examination of silo diagrams. Exposition of fermentation principles and preservation.

Charts showing silo types, silage samples, fermentation diagrams, pH testing materials

KLB BK III Pg 247-249

FORAGE CROPS

Silage making and silo types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe silage making process and advantages over hay. Compare different types of silos including trench, clamp and tower silos. Explain steps followed in making silage. State principles of silage preservation and fermentation.

Discussion on silage advantages. Examination of silo diagrams. Exposition of fermentation principles and preservation.

Charts showing silo types, silage samples, fermentation diagrams, pH testing materials

KLB BK III Pg 247-249

FORAGE CROPS

Silage quality and requirements calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain factors affecting silage quality and use of additives. Describe silage losses and prevention methods. Calculate silage requirements based on animal dry matter needs. Outline standing forage as alternative conservation method.

Calculation exercises on silage requirements. Discussion on quality factors and additive use. Brain storming on loss prevention strategies.

Calculators, silage quality charts, additive samples, measurement tools, calculation worksheets

KLB BK III Pg 249-250

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil erosion and its types. Outline factors influencing soil erosion. Explain the difference between geological and accelerated erosion. State the role of human activities in soil erosion.

Exposition of soil erosion concepts. Discussion on erosion factors. Brain storming on human activities causing erosion. Question and answer on erosion types.

Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 158-167

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil erosion and its types. Outline factors influencing soil erosion. Explain the difference between geological and accelerated erosion. State the role of human activities in soil erosion.

Exposition of soil erosion concepts. Discussion on erosion factors. Brain storming on human activities causing erosion. Question and answer on erosion types.

Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 158-167

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil erosion and its types. Outline factors influencing soil erosion. Explain the difference between geological and accelerated erosion. State the role of human activities in soil erosion.

Exposition of soil erosion concepts. Discussion on erosion factors. Brain storming on human activities causing erosion. Question and answer on erosion types.

Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 158-167

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Splash and Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raindrop/splash erosion process. Explain sheet erosion characteristics. Identify factors affecting splash erosion. State conditions favoring sheet erosion.

Discussion on raindrop impact effects. Exposition of splash erosion process. Brief discussion on sheet erosion. Demonstration using charts and diagrams.

Raindrop impact diagrams. Sheet erosion illustrations. Splash pattern charts. Erosion process demonstrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Splash and Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raindrop/splash erosion process. Explain sheet erosion characteristics. Identify factors affecting splash erosion. State conditions favoring sheet erosion.

Discussion on raindrop impact effects. Exposition of splash erosion process. Brief discussion on sheet erosion. Demonstration using charts and diagrams.

Raindrop impact diagrams. Sheet erosion illustrations. Splash pattern charts. Erosion process demonstrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Rill and Gully

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe rill erosion formation. Explain gully erosion development. Identify U-shaped and V-shaped gullies. State processes involved in gully formation.

Brain storming on channel erosion. Discussion on rill to gully progression. Exposition of gully formation processes. Question and answer on gully shapes.

Rill erosion pictures. Gully formation diagrams. U and V-shaped gully illustrations. Channel erosion process charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Rill and Gully

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe rill erosion formation. Explain gully erosion development. Identify U-shaped and V-shaped gullies. State processes involved in gully formation.

Brain storming on channel erosion. Discussion on rill to gully progression. Exposition of gully formation processes. Question and answer on gully shapes.

Rill erosion pictures. Gully formation diagrams. U and V-shaped gully illustrations. Channel erosion process charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Wind Erosion and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil erosion by wind. Explain factors affecting wind erosion. State effects of human activities on soil erosion. Identify areas prone to wind erosion.

Discussion on wind erosion process. Exposition of wind erosion factors. Brief discussion on human impact. Question and answer on susceptible areas.

Wind erosion pictures. Dust storm illustrations. Human activity impact charts. Erosion-prone area maps.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Wind Erosion and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil erosion by wind. Explain factors affecting wind erosion. State effects of human activities on soil erosion. Identify areas prone to wind erosion.

Discussion on wind erosion process. Exposition of wind erosion factors. Brief discussion on human impact. Question and answer on susceptible areas.

Wind erosion pictures. Dust storm illustrations. Human activity impact charts. Erosion-prone area maps.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Effects of Soil Erosion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight effects of soil erosion on agriculture. State effects on water bodies and infrastructure. Explain loss of soil micro-organisms. Discuss economic impacts of erosion.

Brain storming on erosion effects. Discussion on agricultural impacts. Exposition of infrastructure damage. Brief discussion on economic losses.

Erosion effect illustrations. Agricultural impact charts. Infrastructure damage pictures. Economic loss examples.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe riverbank erosion causes and effects. Explain solifluction erosion process. State control measures for riverbank erosion. Identify factors influencing mass wasting.

Discussion on riverbank erosion. Exposition of solifluction process. Brief discussion on control measures. Question and answer on mass wasting factors.

Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 168-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe riverbank erosion causes and effects. Explain solifluction erosion process. State control measures for riverbank erosion. Identify factors influencing mass wasting.

Discussion on riverbank erosion. Exposition of solifluction process. Brief discussion on control measures. Question and answer on mass wasting factors.

Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 168-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe riverbank erosion causes and effects. Explain solifluction erosion process. State control measures for riverbank erosion. Identify factors influencing mass wasting.

Discussion on riverbank erosion. Exposition of solifluction process. Brief discussion on control measures. Question and answer on mass wasting factors.

Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 168-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Landslides and Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of landslides (slump, debris slide, rock fall). State effects of mass wasting. Explain causes of landslides. Describe prevention measures for mass movements.

Brain storming on landslide types. Discussion on mass wasting effects. Exposition of landslide causes. Brief discussion on prevention measures.

Landslide type illustrations. Mass wasting effect pictures. Cause identification charts. Prevention measure guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Landslides and Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of landslides (slump, debris slide, rock fall). State effects of mass wasting. Explain causes of landslides. Describe prevention measures for mass movements.

Brain storming on landslide types. Discussion on mass wasting effects. Exposition of landslide causes. Brief discussion on prevention measures.

Landslide type illustrations. Mass wasting effect pictures. Cause identification charts. Prevention measure guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Methods of Soil and Water Conservation - Biological Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of soil and water conservation. Describe grass strips and filter strips. Explain contour farming benefits. State advantages of mulching in conservation.

Discussion on conservation methods. Exposition of biological control measures. Brief discussion on contour farming. Question and answer on mulching benefits.

Conservation method charts. Grass strip illustrations. Contour farming pictures. Mulching demonstration materials.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Methods of Soil and Water Conservation - Biological Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of soil and water conservation. Describe grass strips and filter strips. Explain contour farming benefits. State advantages of mulching in conservation.

Discussion on conservation methods. Exposition of biological control measures. Brief discussion on contour farming. Question and answer on mulching benefits.

Conservation method charts. Grass strip illustrations. Contour farming pictures. Mulching demonstration materials.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Biological Control - Cropping Systems and Afforestation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cropping systems for conservation. Describe strip cropping methods. State roles of trees in soil conservation. Outline afforestation and reafforestation benefits.

Brain storming on cropping systems. Discussion on strip cropping. Exposition of tree roles in conservation. Brief discussion on afforestation benefits.

Cropping system diagrams. Strip cropping illustrations. Tree conservation role charts. Afforestation benefit guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Biological Control - Cropping Systems and Afforestation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cropping systems for conservation. Describe strip cropping methods. State roles of trees in soil conservation. Outline afforestation and reafforestation benefits.

Brain storming on cropping systems. Discussion on strip cropping. Exposition of tree roles in conservation. Brief discussion on afforestation benefits.

Cropping system diagrams. Strip cropping illustrations. Tree conservation role charts. Afforestation benefit guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical/Structural Control Measures - Trash Lines and Bunds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe trash lines and stone lines. Explain bund construction and uses. State advantages of structural measures. Identify suitable areas for physical control.

Discussion on trash line construction. Exposition of bund building. Brief discussion on structural advantages. Question and answer on suitable areas.

Trash line construction pictures. Bund construction diagrams. Structural measure illustrations. Area suitability guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Water Harvesting Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite reasons for conserving water. Outline methods of water harvesting. Describe construction of weirs, dams and ponds. Explain roof catchment and rock catchment systems.

Discussion on water conservation importance. Exposition of harvesting methods. Brief discussion on construction techniques. Question and answer on catchment systems.

Water harvesting method charts. Weir and dam construction diagrams. Roof catchment illustrations. Rock catchment system pictures.

KLB BK III Pgs 188-190

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Water Harvesting Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite reasons for conserving water. Outline methods of water harvesting. Describe construction of weirs, dams and ponds. Explain roof catchment and rock catchment systems.

Discussion on water conservation importance. Exposition of harvesting methods. Brief discussion on construction techniques. Question and answer on catchment systems.

Water harvesting method charts. Weir and dam construction diagrams. Roof catchment illustrations. Rock catchment system pictures.

KLB BK III Pgs 188-190