INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.
Causes of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Results of earth movements.
Theory of Continental Drift.
The Plates Tectonic Theory.
Folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify landforms resulting from earth movements.

Explain the Plates Tectonic Theory.

Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.
Exposition of the theory & discussion on evidence of the theory.
Drawing diagrams showing meeting of tectonic plates.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
5-6

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of folds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of folds.
Describe various folding processes.

Exposition of types of folds and resulting landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
9-11

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from folding.
Significance of folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from folding.

Discussion & drawing labelled diagrams of landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Faulting.
Types of faults.
Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define faulting.
Identify parts associated with a fault.

Describe landforms resulting from faulting.

Q/A: review horizontal and vertical earth movements.
Discussion on parts associated with a fault.

Discussion &
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
13-14
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
14-19

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Gregory Rift Valley.
Significance of faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Gregory Rift Valley on a map.
Describe the parts of the Gregory Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Gregory rift system.

Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 21-22

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Intrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive features.

Identify various intrusive features.
Explain formation of various intrusive features.
Illustrate intrusive features with labelled diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 24-25
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 32-34

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Extrusive features.
Types of volcanoes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various extrusive volcanic features.
Illustrate extrusive volcanic features with labelled diagrams.

Give examples of extrusive features in Africa. Discussion.
Assignment.

Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-27

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify volcanic regions in Kenya and in Africa.

Drawing map of Kenya & Africa and showing the distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 30-35

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Positive influences of vulcanicity.
Negative influences of vulcanicity.
Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain ways in which vulcanicity is beneficial to man.
Highlight negative influences of vulcanicity.

Q/A and detailed discussion.
Q/A, detailed discussion and assignment.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
35-36
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 36

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe human and natural causes of earthquakes.

Q/A to review tectonic movements, vulcanicity.
Probing questions leading to causes of earthquakes.
Q/A: human activities that may cause tremors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
37-38

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.
Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.
Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

MAP WORK

Direction and Bearing. Methods of showing direction.
Compass Bearing.
True Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between direction and bearing.

Outline some traditional and modern methods of showing direction.

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.
Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
42-43
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

Calculation of grid bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the grid bearing of a point from another point.

Exposition.
Class exercise.

Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Determination of magnetic bearing.
Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Determine magnetic bearing given the grid bearing.

Q/A: conversion of minutes and seconds to degrees.
Exposition: calculating magnetic variation.
Worked examples.

Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Locating places using four- figure grid references.
Locating places using six-figure grid references.
Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.
Contours and forms lines.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the four-figure grid reference of points on map.

Define the term land relief.
Identify spot heights & trigonometric stations on a map.

Q/A identifying easting and nor things.
Guided exercise
Q/A: review six-figure reference.
Definition of land relief.
Brief discussion.

Chart: grid reference system.
Atlases or topographical maps.
Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
48-49
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
49-51

MAP WORK

Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.
Parts of a photograph.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between ground close-ups and ground oblique photographs.
Distinguish between general oblique and vertical aerial photographs.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.
Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
55-57

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.
Interpretation of photographs.
Human activities on photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State uses of photographs.
Highlight limitations in the use of photographs.

Identify various human activities on a photograph.

Q/A and discussion.
Oral questions on types of farming and supportive evidence.
Written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.
Sketching diagrams from photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify industrial and mining activities & forms of transport in a photograph.

Oral questions on presence of industrial and mining activities & modes of transport and communication.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative line graphs.
Comparative bar graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative line graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative line graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative line graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
64-65

STATISTICAL METHODS.
STATISTICAL METHODS.
CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.
Analysis of statistical tables.
Warm climates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.


Analyse data in statistical tables.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

Table analysis.
Assignment.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Cool & cold climates.
Mountain climates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of cool climates.
State characteristics of cool climates.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 84-86

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.
VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Microclimates.
Categories of vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify human activities largely responsible for development of local climates.

Brief discussion.
Assignment.

Photographs of various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK pg 93

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Influence of topographical factors on vegetation.
Influence of climatic factors on vegetation.
Influence of edaphic factors on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the Influence of topographical factors on vegetation.

Explain the Influence of climatic factors on vegetation.

Discussion & Q/A.
Probing questions & Discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
100-101
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
101-102

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Biotic factors.
Vegetation in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of biotic factors on vegetation modification and /or destruction.

Q/A: review microclimate.
Brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
103-104

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Mountain vegetation.
Field work on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline types of mountain vegetation.
State characteristics of various types of mountain vegetation.
Identify locations of mountain vegetation.
State uses of mountain vegetation.

Q/A & elaborate discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
105-122

FORESTRY

Natural and planted forests.
Types of natural forests.
Importance of forests and forests? products.
Problems facing forestry in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Identify importance of forests and forests? products.

Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Q/A & discussion: economic, environmental, cultural values of forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.
Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.
Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 126
KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 129

FORESTRY

Management and conservation of forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe management and conservation practices carried out in Kenya.
State the importance of management and conservation of forests.

Discussion: measures taken to manage and conserve forests and their importance.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
130-131

FORESTRY

Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Compare and contrast development of softwood forests in Kenya and in Canada.
Identify factors favouring / militating against exploitation of softwoods in both countries.
Identify benefits of softwoods.

Map ? location of Canada.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
132-135