DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Definition of demand, effective demand and law of demand
Demand schedule, demand curve and interpretation
Factors influencing demand - comprehensive analysis
Movement along demand curve vs shift in demand curve
Types of demand with detailed examples and applications
Meaning of supply, law of supply and supply schedule
Supply curve and factors influencing supply
Movement along supply curve, shift in supply curve and types of supply
Equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity and market analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define demand and effective demand with examples
-Distinguish between desire and demand using real scenarios
-Explain purchasing power concept and its importance
-State the law of demand with detailed explanation
-Identify and explain ceteris paribus assumption
-Apply law of demand to various commodity examples

- Explain movement along demand curve in detail
-Distinguish between expansion and contraction of demand
-Identify specific factors causing movement along curve
-Explain shift in demand curve with multiple examples
-Identify factors causing rightward and leftward shifts
-Distinguish between increase and decrease in demand
-Draw detailed diagrams showing both movements and shifts
-Compare and contrast movement vs shift scenarios
-Apply concepts to real market situations

- Brainstorming on demand meaning using market scenarios
-Group discussions on desire vs demand with case studies
-Analysis of purchasing power using local examples
-Guided discovery of law of demand through price experiments
-Role play: buyer behavior at different price levels
-Practical applications using bread, milk, transport examples

- Guided drawing of demand curve movements using Figure 1.3
-Step-by-step analysis of expansion vs contraction
-Detailed drawing of demand curve shifts using Figure 1.4
-Practical exercises showing rightward and leftward shifts
-Group work comparing movement vs shift scenarios
-Case studies on income changes causing shifts
-Analysis of price changes causing movements
-Comprehensive graph work with multiple examples

Textbook, charts, local commodity examples, market scenarios
Textbook, graph papers, rulers, calculators, Table 1.1 data
Textbook, case studies, examples of complementary goods, cultural scenarios
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figure 1.3 and 1.4
Textbook, charts, local examples, case studies, Figure 1.5
Textbook, calculators, Table 1.2 data, charts, supplier examples
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, Figure 1.6, case studies, technology examples
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.7 and 1.8, agricultural examples
Textbook, calculators, graph papers, rulers, Table 1.3 data, Figure 1.9

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 1-3
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 4-6

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Excess demand, excess supply and market disequilibrium
Effects of changes in demand on equilibrium
Effects of changes in supply on equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define excess demand and excess supply
-Calculate excess quantities using textbook examples
-Explain causes of market disequilibrium
-Analyze effects of setting prices below equilibrium
-Examine effects of setting prices above equilibrium
-Discuss market adjustment mechanisms
-Explain competitive actions of buyers and sellers
-Analyze shortage and surplus situations
-Predict market behavior in disequilibrium

- Detailed calculations using shs 15 and shs 25 examples
-Analysis of excess demand at shs 15 (60-30=30 units)
-Examination of excess supply at shs 25 (50-30=20 units)
-Discussion on competitive buyer action pushing prices up
-Analysis of competitive seller action pushing prices down
-Case studies on real market shortage situations
-Group work on surplus scenarios
-Role play: market adjustment processes

Textbook, calculators, market examples, shortage/surplus scenarios
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.10 and 1.11
Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.12 and 1.13

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 11-12

DEMAND AND SUPPLY
NATIONAL INCOME

Simultaneous changes in demand and supply
Other price determination methods and pertinent issues
Circular flow of income - two-sector economy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze simultaneous increase in demand and supply
-Examine increase in demand with decrease in supply
-Study decrease in demand with decrease in supply
-Analyze decrease in demand with increase in supply
-Understand proportionate vs disproportionate changes
-Predict effects on equilibrium price and quantity
-Draw complex diagrams showing simultaneous changes
-Compare all four combination scenarios
-Apply to real market situations

- Comprehensive analysis of Figure 1.14 (both increase)
-Detailed examination of Figure 1.15 (demand up, supply down)
-Analysis of Figure 1.16 (both decrease)
-Study of Figure 1.17 (demand down, supply up)
-Group work on proportionate change analysis
-Drawing of complex equilibrium diagrams
-Discussion on big vs small changes in price/quantity
-Practical exercises with different scenarios
-Case studies on real market simultaneous changes

Graph papers, textbook, rulers, colored pens, Figures 1.14-1.17
Textbook, case studies, government pricing examples, business ethics scenarios
Textbook, Figure 5.2, flow diagrams

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 16-18

NATIONAL INCOME

Four-sector closed economy circular flow
Open economy and injections/withdrawals
Methods of measuring national income - income approach

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze Figure 5.3 four-sector model
-Examine government and financial sectors
-Discuss tax payments and government services
-Analyze savings and investment flows
-Examine commercial bank roles
-Evaluate four-sector assumptions

- Discussion on four-sector complexity
-Analysis of Figure 5.3 comprehensive study
-Case studies on government intervention
-Group work on financial sector roles
-Examination of savings-investment link
-Practical examples of four-sector flow

Textbook, Figure 5.3, sector examples
Textbook, Figure 5.4, equilibrium examples
Textbook, income examples, calculation sheets

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 57-58

NATIONAL INCOME

Problems of income approach and output approach
Output approach problems and expenditure approach
Problems in measuring national income
Additional measurement problems
Per capita income and economic welfare
International comparison problems
Uses of national income statistics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze income approach problems
-Examine inaccurate data issues
-Discuss double counting problems
-Evaluate subsistence sector challenges
-Define output approach methodology
-Analyze value added concept with Example 5.1

- Analyze free/subsidized services problems
-Examine Figure 5.6 domestic services
-Discuss money value changes
-Evaluate inventory revaluation issues
-Analyze foreign firm output problems
-Examine IMF policy recommendations

- Discussion on income approach limitations
-Analysis of data accuracy problems
-Case studies on double counting
-Group work on Example 5.1 bread production
-Examination of value added calculations
-Practical examples of output measurement

- Discussion on service valuation
-Analysis of Figure 5.6 domestic services
-Case studies on inflation effects
-Group work on inventory problems
-Examination of foreign firm issues
-Practical examples of valuation challenges

Textbook, Example 5.1, calculation sheets
Textbook, expenditure examples, formula sheets
Textbook, Figure 5.5, measurement examples
Textbook, Figure 5.6, valuation examples
Textbook, welfare examples, comparison charts
Textbook, international examples, comparison cases
Textbook, Table 5.1, statistics examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 60-62
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 64-65

NATIONAL INCOME
POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT
POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Factors influencing national income level
Introduction to population and sources of data
Sample surveys and registration methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze quantity and quality of factors
-Examine technical know-how importance
-Discuss political stability effects
-Evaluate subsistence sector proportion
-Analyze work culture attitudes
-Examine accounting system accuracy

- Discussion on influencing factors
-Analysis of factor quality importance
-Case studies on political stability
-Group work on work culture effects
-Examination of accounting systems
-Practical examples of level determinants

Textbook, factor examples, level cases
Textbook, census examples, demographic data
Textbook, survey examples, registration cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 69-70

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Basic population concepts - fertility and birth rates
Mortality rates and migration concepts
Population growth rates and African comparisons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define fertility rate comprehensively
-Analyze general fertility rate formula
-Examine Example 6.1 fertility calculation
-Define birth rate and crude birth rate
-Analyze factors affecting birth rates
-Examine marriage, ignorance, and cultural factors

- Discussion on fertility concepts
-Analysis of Example 6.1 calculations
-Case studies on birth rate factors
-Group work on cultural influences
-Examination of marriage effects
-Practical fertility rate calculations

Textbook, Example 6.1, calculators, formula sheets
Textbook, Figure 6.1, Example 6.2, calculators
Textbook, Table 6.1, calculators, comparison charts

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 73-74

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Overpopulation - definition and advantages
Disadvantages of overpopulation
Under-population and declining population

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define overpopulation comprehensively
-Analyze population explosion concept
-Examine factors leading to overpopulation
-Discuss advantages: large markets, labor availability
-Analyze investment expansion benefits
-Examine resource utilization improvements

- Discussion on overpopulation definition
-Analysis of population explosion factors
-Case studies on market advantages
-Group work on labor availability
-Examination of investment benefits
-Practical examples of resource utilization

Textbook, overpopulation examples, advantage cases
Textbook, migration examples, shortage cases
Textbook, under-population examples, decline cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 76-77

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Optimum population and dependency concepts
Ageing and young populations
Population structure and Kenya's demographics
Population pyramids and international comparisons
Economic growth vs development and population effects
Population effects on technology, land, and labor
Population control methods and employment concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define optimum population concept
-Analyze Figure 6.3 population curves
-Examine equilibrium between population and resources
-Define dependency ratio/burden
-Analyze dependency ratio measurement
-Examine high dependency effects on development

- Analyze Figures 6.4 and 6.5 population pyramids
-Compare developing vs developed country structures
-Examine bloated bottom vs middle characteristics
-Discuss workforce distribution patterns
-Analyze ageing population indicators
-Evaluate structural implications for development

- Discussion on optimum population
-Analysis of Figure 6.3 comprehensive study
-Case studies on resource equilibrium
-Group work on dependency calculations
-Examination of development effects
-Practical examples of dependency burden

- Discussion on population pyramids
-Analysis of Figures 6.4 and 6.5 comparison
-Case studies on country differences
-Group work on pyramid interpretation
-Examination of workforce implications
-Practical examples of structural analysis

Textbook, Figure 6.3, dependency examples
Textbook, ageing examples, youth cases
Textbook, Tables 6.2 and 6.3, demographic data
Textbook, Figures 6.4 and 6.5, pyramid examples
Textbook, formula sheets, development examples
Textbook, Figure 6.6, land examples
Textbook, control examples, employment cases

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 79-80
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 83-84

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Unemployment types and causes
Technological and other unemployment types
Solving unemployment and pertinent issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define unemployment comprehensively
-Analyze Figure 6.7 unemployed youth
-Examine unemployment consequences
-Discuss voluntary vs involuntary unemployment
-Analyze structural and cyclical unemployment
-Examine disguised and seasonal unemployment

- Discussion on unemployment definition
-Analysis of Figure 6.7 youth unemployment
-Case studies on unemployment types
-Group work on structural changes
-Examination of seasonal variations
-Practical examples of unemployment causes

Textbook, Figure 6.7, unemployment examples
Textbook, technology examples, cost cases
Textbook, Figure 6.9, solution examples

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 87-88

POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT
THE LEDGER
THE LEDGER

Pertinent issues - data honesty, HIV/AIDS, and poverty
Learning activities, review and assessment
Meaning, purpose and format of ledger accounts
Rules of recording and double entry concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze cooperation in census data collection
-Examine population growth control needs
-Discuss literacy and gender education issues
-Evaluate HIV/AIDS pandemic effects
-Analyze Figure 6.10 eradication campaigns
-Examine poverty and entrepreneurship needs

- Discussion on data collection challenges
-Analysis of Figure 6.10 campaign importance
-Case studies on literacy issues
-Group work on poverty eradication
-Examination of entrepreneurship needs
-Practical examples of pertinent issues

Textbook, Figure 6.10, poverty examples
Research guides, interview forms, assessment materials
Textbook, Ledger books, Rulers, Chart paper, T-format templates
Textbook, Ledger books, Rules summary charts, Double-entry worksheets, Calculator

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Pg 90-91

THE LEDGER

Recording business transactions and opening accounts
Recording purchases, sales and returns
Recording expenses, revenues and drawings
Balancing ledger accounts
Uses of ledger and trial balance preparation
Trial balance limitations and errors
Classification of accounts and types of ledgers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Record simple transactions in ledger accounts
-Apply double-entry rules correctly
-Open ledger accounts from balance sheet information
-Record opening balances correctly
-Demonstrate proper posting procedures
-Show cross-referencing between accounts

Guided posting exercises; Transaction recording practice; Opening balance exercises; Balance sheet to ledger conversion; Cross-referencing demonstrations; Step-by-step posting guidance

Textbook, Ledger books, Transaction examples, Balance sheet examples, Practice sets
Textbook, Ledger books, Purchase scenarios, Returns scenarios, Transaction cards
Textbook, Ledger books, Expense/revenue examples, Drawings scenarios, Classification worksheets
Textbook, Ledger books, Calculator, Balancing worksheets, Special scenario worksheets
Textbook, Ledger books, Trial balance formats, Calculator, Extraction worksheets
Textbook, Error example worksheets, Analysis charts, Correction materials, Error detection aids
Textbook, Classification charts, Ledger type examples, Comparison worksheets, Business scenario materials

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 131-135

THE CASH BOOK
THE CASH BOOK
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Introduction, meaning and purpose of cash book
Types of cash books and single-column cash book
The two-column cash book
Bank overdraft and advanced two-column cash book
The three-column cash book and discount columns
Double-entry and ledger posting from cash book
Pertinent issues and comprehensive practice
Introduction and Cash Receipts
Invoice
Debit Note and Credit Note
Payment Voucher and Introduction to Books of Original Entry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a cash book
-Explain the purpose of keeping a cash book
-Distinguish between cash and credit transactions
-Identify the two-sided nature of cash book
-Explain the uses of cash book in business
-Describe the debit and credit sides of cash book
- Discuss honesty and transparency in cash book keeping
-Explain conformity to accounting principles
-Analyze importance of proper cash book maintenance
-Evaluate ethical considerations in cash recording
-Apply all cash book concepts to comprehensive problems
-Demonstrate mastery of cash book preparation and balancing

Introduction to cash book concept; Group discussion on cash transactions; Demonstration of cash book structure; Practical identification of cash vs credit transactions; Analysis of cash book importance
Group discussions on business ethics; Comprehensive cash book preparation; Complex problem solving; Ethical scenario analysis; Peer review activities; Individual consultations

Textbook, Sample cash books, Transaction examples, Chart showing cash book structure
Textbook, Cash book formats, Practice worksheets, Rulers, Calculator
Textbook, Two-column cash book formats, Transaction sets, Calculator, Contra entry examples
Textbook, Calculator, Complex transaction examples, Overdraft scenarios, Business case studies
Textbook, Three-column cash book formats, Calculator, Discount calculation worksheets, Practice sets
Textbook, Ledger books, Posting examples, Dishonoured cheque scenarios, Practice worksheets
Textbook, Comprehensive problem sets, Ethical scenario cards, Case study materials, Assessment worksheets
Sample receipts, cash register examples, receipt books
Sample invoices, calculators, discount calculation worksheets
Sample debit notes, credit notes (red colored), comparison charts
Payment vouchers, petty cash vouchers, chart of all books of original entry

Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 160-161
Trendy Business Studies Form 3 Student's Book Pg 168-169

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Sales Journal
Posting from Sales Journal
Sales Returns Journal and Posting
Purchases Journal
Posting from Purchases Journal
Purchases Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of sales journal; Prepare sales journal from credit sales transactions; Record transactions in proper format; Understand source documents used

Step-by-step demonstration of sales journal preparation; Practical exercise with multiple credit sales; Discussion on journal format and columns

Sales invoices, sales journal format, sample credit sales transactions
Sales journal, sales ledger accounts, general ledger format, posting examples
Credit notes issued, sales returns journal format, ledger accounts
Purchase invoices, purchases journal format, sample credit purchase transactions
Purchases journal, purchases ledger, general ledger accounts
Credit notes received, purchases returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 8

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Receipts Journal
Posting from Cash Receipts Journal
Cash Payments Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash receipts journal; Record cash and cheque receipts; Include discount allowed column; Distinguish receipt sources

Introduction to cash receipts journal format; Recording various types of receipts; Practical exercise with cash sales and debtor payments; Discussion on discount columns

Cash receipts journal format, sample receipts, cash sales data
Cash receipts journal, cash book format, general ledger accounts
Cash payments journal format, payment vouchers, receipts, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 19

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

The Petty Cash Book - Imprest System
Petty Cash Book Preparation and Analysis
Posting from Petty Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain petty cash concept; Define and apply imprest system; Identify features of petty cash book; Understand petty cashier responsibilities

Discussion on petty cash concept; Introduction to imprest system; Examination of petty cash book format; Explanation of reimbursement process

Petty cash book format, sample petty cash vouchers, imprest system examples
Petty cash transactions, analysis cash book format, calculator, petty cash vouchers
Petty cash book, general ledger accounts, purchases ledger

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Analysis Cash Book
General Journal - Introduction and Fixed Assets
General Journal - Opening Entries
General Journal - Closing Entries and Error Corrections
Importance of Journals
Introduction and Trading Period Concept
Determination of Profit or Loss
Cost of Goods Sold Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in analysis cash book; Use analysis columns for receipts and payments; Apply to non-profit organizations; Post analysis totals
Record closing entries and transfers; Correct errors through journal entries; Record miscellaneous transactions; Understand when to use general journal

Preparation of analysis cash book for organizations; Discussion on analysis column selection; Practical exercise for football club; Posting totals to accounts
Practice with closing entries; Error correction exercises; Discussion on transfer entries; Review of general journal applications

Analysis cash book format, sample transactions for club/society, ledger accounts
General journal format, fixed asset transaction examples, calculator for gains/losses
Opening balance data, general journal format, calculator
Sample closing entries, error correction scenarios, transfer examples
Discussion prompts, case study materials, summary charts
Charts showing different accounting periods, sample financial statements
Calculators, simple profit calculation worksheets, examples from textbook
Calculators, cost of goods sold worksheets, stock calculation examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 31-35
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 39-40

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Complex Profit and Loss Calculations
Introduction to Trading Account
Trading Account Preparation - Basic
Trading Account with Adjustments
Importance and Applications of Trading Account
Net Profit and Net Loss Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Handle complex scenarios with all adjustments; Calculate gross profit with returns and carriage; Apply net sales calculations; Work with realistic business examples

Advanced calculations using Karanja's example; Practical exercises with multiple adjustments; Group work on complex scenarios; Error detection exercises

Advanced calculation worksheets, complex business scenarios, group work materials
Trading account format sheets, demonstration materials, simple examples
Trading account formats, practical examples, balancing demonstrations
Comprehensive trading account formats, advanced examples, adjustment worksheets
Case study materials, performance comparison charts, presentation guidelines
Net profit calculation sheets, revenue and expense examples, comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 54-56

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Revenue and Expense Classification
Profit and Loss Account Preparation
Profit and Loss Account from Trial Balance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify items as revenues or expenses; Distinguish between income and expenditure; Identify debit and credit balance items; Understand trial balance classifications

Practical classification exercises; Analysis of Salim's trial balance; Group work on item classification; Discussion on debit/credit balances

Classification worksheets, trial balance examples, group exercise materials
Profit and loss account formats, demonstration materials, practice examples
Trial balance examples, extraction worksheets, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 61-62

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Combined Trading and Profit & Loss Account
Importance of Profit and Loss Account
Balance Sheet Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare combined trading, profit and loss account; Use Kipande Traders comprehensive example; Handle complete final accounts; Apply proper formatting

Comprehensive preparation using Kipande Traders; Step-by-step combined account preparation; Practice with complete examples; Individual and group work

Complete final account formats, comprehensive examples, practice materials
Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, role-play guidelines
Balance sheet formats, accounting equation demonstrations, basic examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 64-66

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Balance Sheet Preparation
Types of Capital
Capital Calculations and Applications
Introduction to Financial Ratios
Mark-up Calculations and Applications
Margin Concept and Calculations
Relationship Between Mark-up and Margin

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare balance sheet from trial balance; Make adjustments for net profit and drawings; Apply proper balance sheet format; Ensure balancing totals
Calculate mark-up using various methods; Apply mark-up to determine selling prices; Use mark-up in trading account preparation; Solve practical problems

Practical preparation using Kipande Traders; Step-by-step balance sheet construction; Adjustments for profit and drawings; Balancing exercises
Advanced mark-up calculations; Using Kiambu Traders example; Practical applications in pricing; Problem-solving exercises

Balance sheet preparation sheets, adjustment examples, balancing demonstrations
Capital calculation worksheets, Upinde Traders example, calculation exercises
Advanced calculation sheets, multiple scenarios, problem-solving materials
Ratio calculation sheets, mark-up examples, pricing strategy materials
Mark-up calculation worksheets, Kiambu Traders example, pricing problems
Margin calculation sheets, comparison charts, Waithera's example
Conversion formula sheets, mathematical examples, complex problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 66-67
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 69-72

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Trading Account Preparation Using Ratios
Current Ratio and Working Capital Ratio
Rate of Stock Turnover

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use mark-up to prepare trading accounts; Apply margin in account preparation; Handle incomplete records; Solve complex scenarios

Practical preparation using mark-up and margin; Incomplete records scenarios; Advanced problem-solving; Individual and group exercises

Trading account formats, incomplete record examples, complex scenarios
Ratio calculation sheets, Busia Traders example, interpretation guides
Stock turnover worksheets, Upendo Traders example, practical applications

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 72-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Stock Turnover Applications
Return on Capital
Acid Test and Quick Ratio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use stock turnover in trading accounts; Handle incomplete records scenarios; Apply Maendeleo Traders example; Solve complex problems

Advanced applications using Maendeleo Traders; Incomplete records problem-solving; Complex scenario analysis; Individual practice

Advanced application sheets, Maendeleo Traders example, complex scenarios
Return calculation sheets, Mr Odiek's example, comparison materials
Quick ratio worksheets, Nakura Stores example, liquidity analysis materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING

Importance of Financial Ratios
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations
Money System and Characteristics of Money
Functions of Money
Demand for Money and Supply of Money
Banking System and Development of Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of each ratio type; Identify stakeholder uses; Understand decision-making applications; Analyze business implications

Comprehensive discussion on ratio importance; Stakeholder analysis; Case studies on ratio applications; Group presentations

Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, presentation guidelines
Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts
Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples
Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples
Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports
Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 80

MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
PUBLIC FINANCE

Commercial Banks and Their Services
Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange
Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings
Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements
Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)
Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks
Central Bank Functions
Monetary Policy Tools
Introduction to Public Finance and its Purpose

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define commercial banks and their profit methods. Explain accepting deposits, lending money, and safekeeping services. Detail money transfer facilities including standing orders and telegraphic transfers.
Explain micro-finance and agricultural finance operations. Compare NBFIs with commercial banks in terms of services, target markets, and operations. Analyze their complementary roles.

Mock bank operation setup. Deposit and withdrawal simulations. Practical money transfer exercises. Standing order setup simulation. Safety deposit demonstration.
Micro-finance loan simulation. Agricultural project financing exercises. Comparison table creation. Case study analysis of differences. Group discussions on operational contrasts.

Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards
Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts
Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts
Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples
NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials
Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets
Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples
Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pens, local examples from students' experience.

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 100-103
KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

PUBLIC FINANCE

Purpose of Public Finance - Provision of Essential Services
Purpose of Public Finance - Economic Control and Development
Sources of Public Finance - Overview and Classification
Government Borrowing - Internal and External
Types of Debt and Government Expenditure
Principles of Public Expenditure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify essential goods and services provided by government. Explain why private sector cannot adequately provide certain services. Analyze the concept of public interest. Evaluate the importance of government intervention in service provision.

Teacher exposition of new concepts; Group work identifying public services in their locality; Discussion comparing public schools vs private schools; Students share experiences of using public facilities.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' prior knowledge and experiences.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, examples from students' local knowledge, chalk.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' observations from daily life.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic calculator (if available), student knowledge.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, local examples from students' environment.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' general knowledge from radio/conversations.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 124-125

PUBLIC FINANCE

Introduction to Tax and Taxation
Principles of Taxation
Classification of Taxes - By Structure
Classification of Taxes - Direct vs Indirect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define tax and taxation. Distinguish between tax and other government revenues. Explain the compulsory nature of taxation. Identify reasons for taxation by government.

Teacher exposition using simple chalkboard diagrams; Discussion on difference between buying sugar and paying tax; Students discuss why everyone must pay tax; Examples from students' shopping experiences.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' shopping experiences and observations.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' market experiences and price observations.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic arithmetic skills, simple calculation examples.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' knowledge of prices and salary deductions.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 129-131

PUBLIC FINANCE
INFLATION
INFLATION
INFLATION
INFLATION
INFLATION

Merits and Demerits of Direct and Indirect Taxes
Introduction to Inflation and Deflation
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Concepts
CPI Calculation - Simple Average Method
CPI Calculation - Weighted Average Method
Types of Inflation and Demand-Pull Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze advantages and disadvantages of direct taxation. Evaluate merits and demerits of indirect taxation. Compare effectiveness of direct vs indirect taxes. Assess the role of both types in government revenue.

Comparative discussion using chalkboard summary; Group debates on which tax system is better; Students discuss tax avoidance they have observed; Comprehensive review and written exercise; Topic summary preparation.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, student experiences and observations, review questions.
Price comparison charts from different years, Country inflation examples, Purchasing power calculation sheets, Real product price data
Sample consumer baskets, Base year price data, Price collection sheets, Index calculation examples, Consumer survey materials
Price data for multiple commodities, Calculation worksheets, Calculators, CPI formula charts, Practice problem sets
Family budget examples, Weight assignment sheets, Weighted calculation templates, Comparison tables, Advanced calculation problems
Market simulation materials, Government spending examples, Money supply charts, Income increase scenarios, Demand-pull diagrams

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 135-141

INFLATION

More Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push Inflation and Its Causes
More Cost-Push Causes and Subsidy Effects
Levels of Inflation
Positive Effects of Inflation
Negative Effects of Inflation
More Negative Effects and Economic Impact
Controlling Inflation - Monetary Policy Tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain additional causes: general shortages, increased consumer expenditure, population growth effects. Analyze expectation-driven demand increases. Demonstrate how shortages pull prices upward.
Explain reduction in profits due to decreased sales volume. Analyze time wastage in price shopping. Demonstrate conflicts between employers and employees. Show decline in living standards.

Shortage simulation exercises creating artificial scarcity. Analysis of population growth impact on demand. Expectation-driven buying behavior case studies. Consumer expenditure pattern analysis and price impact.
Sales volume decline simulation during price increases. Time cost analysis of shopping around for prices. Employer-employee wage negotiation role-plays. Living standard decline calculations with fixed incomes.

Shortage simulation materials, Population growth data, Expectation scenario cards, Consumer expenditure charts, Supply-demand graphs
Production cost scenarios, Wage-price spiral charts, Tax impact examples, Import price data, Cost-push diagrams
Manufacturing cost examples, Subsidy impact data, Profit margin scenarios, Input cost charts, Comprehensive comparison tables
Historical inflation data, Germany 1923 case study, Country comparison charts, Inflation level classification sheets
Debtor-creditor scenarios, Profit calculation sheets, Work motivation examples, Resource utilization cases, Real vs nominal value charts
Sales simulation materials, Time cost analysis sheets, Role-play scenarios, Living standard calculation examples, Wage negotiation materials
Creditor loss examples, Economic growth data, Balance of payments charts, Monetary confidence indicators, Savings impact studies
Central Bank simulation materials, Interest rate impact charts, Securities trading examples, Cash ratio calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 149-150
KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 154-155

INFLATION

More Monetary Policy Tools and Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Measures and Production Solutions
Statutory Measures for Inflation Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain selective credit controls and directives. Detail moral suasion by Central Bank. Define fiscal policy for inflation control. Analyze government spending reduction and tax policy effects.

Credit control scenario exercises. Central Bank directive simulations. Government spending impact analysis on inflation. Tax policy effects on consumer spending and production costs.

Credit control scenarios, Directive examples, Government spending data, Tax policy impact charts, Fiscal policy simulation materials
Production tax examples, Subsidy calculation sheets, Government production cases, Policy design templates, Impact analysis charts
Wage control examples, Price control policies, Import restriction data, Credit control scenarios, Policy implementation cases

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 156-158

INFLATION
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Export Controls and Comprehensive Control Strategies
Introduction, Types and Advantages
Disadvantages of International Trade
Computing Terms of Trade
Factors Affecting Terms of Trade
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain export controls to prevent domestic shortages. Analyze combination of multiple control measures. Evaluate effectiveness of different approaches. Design comprehensive anti-inflation strategy.

Export control case studies and domestic market effects. Multi-pronged control strategy design exercises. Effectiveness evaluation of historical control measures. Comprehensive strategy presentations by groups.

Export control examples, Multi-strategy templates, Historical effectiveness data, Strategy design sheets, Presentation materials
World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines
Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts
Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts
Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines
Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 158-159

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts
Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Terms of Sale in International Trade
Credit and Import Documents
Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare balance of payments on current account. Calculate balance of payments on capital account. Determine overall balance of payments. Interpret account balances and official settlement account.

Step-by-step account preparation; Worked examples with comprehensive data; Supervised practice exercises; Group problem-solving on complex scenarios.

Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets
Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods
Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts
Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents
Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 169-171

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Specialized Trade Documents
IMF and World Bank
African Development Institutions
Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration
Importance and Effects of Economic Integration
Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proforma invoice purposes. Explain freight note and weight note functions. Analyze letter of hypothecation uses. Discuss shipping advice note and document flow in trade.
Define economic integration. Identify and explain four forms: free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union. Compare characteristics and features of each form. Analyze progression from simple to complex integration.

Exposition of specialized documents; Group work on document sequencing; Practical scenarios on document usage; Analysis of complete trade documentation cycle.
Exposition of integration concept and forms; Group discussions on regional cooperation examples; Comparison of integration levels using charts; Analysis of East African integration progress.

Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies
Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports
ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts
Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs
Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects
Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 178-179
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 182-184

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trade Liberalization and Export Processing Zones
E-commerce and Digital Trade
Forms and Importance of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of trade restrictions for domestic industries. Identify disadvantages including retaliation risks and consumer impacts. Analyze quality and price implications. Evaluate long-term effects on economic efficiency.

Balanced analysis of restriction effects; Case studies on protection outcomes and retaliation; Discussion on consumer welfare impacts; Group evaluation of policy trade-offs.

Policy analysis documents, consumer impact studies, case study materials
EPZ documentation, liberalization case studies, charts showing trade policy evolution
Computer/tablets for demonstration, e-commerce examples, online payment illustrations
Maps showing integration blocs, charts comparing integration forms, newspaper articles on regional cooperation

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 187-188

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trends in International Trade
Economic Growth and Development Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Enumerate advantages of free trade including market expansion and specialization. Identify disadvantages such as revenue loss and unemployment risks. Analyze trade creation vs trade diversion effects. Evaluate impact on local industries and consumer choice.

Guided discussion on free trade benefits; Case studies on integration success stories; Group analysis of trade diversion problems; Q/A on consumer welfare impacts and government revenue effects.

Case study materials on successful integration, charts showing trade effects, policy analysis documents
Case study materials on protected industries, charts showing protection policies, newspaper articles on trade policies
Tariff schedules, quota examples, calculators, policy documents showing restriction methods
Policy analysis documents, case studies on protection outcomes, consumer impact studies
EPZ documentation, computers/tablets for e-commerce demonstration, charts showing trade liberalization effects
Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Characteristics of Under-development
Factors Hindering Development
Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors
Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits
Problems in Development Planning Implementation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify comprehensive characteristics of under-development. Explain high poverty levels and income disparity issues. Analyze unemployment problems and subsistence sector dominance. Discuss dependence on developed countries and infrastructure challenges.

Brainstorming session on development indicators; Detailed exposition of under-development characteristics; Group discussions on poverty and unemployment statistics; Visual analysis of infrastructure differences.

Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries
Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics
Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks
Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples
Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 197-199