INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Introduction, Types and Advantages

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define international trade. Distinguish between bilateral and multilateral trade. State advantages of international trade. Explain how trade promotes specialization and employment.

Q/A session on local trading experiences; Brainstorming on goods Kenya exports/imports; Group discussion on trade advantages with real examples; Analysis of technology transfer cases.

World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 162-164

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Disadvantages of International Trade
Computing Terms of Trade
Factors Affecting Terms of Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify disadvantages of international trade. Explain how trade can lead to local industry collapse. Analyze imported inflation concept. Discuss cultural and sovereignty impacts.

Guided discussion on negative trade effects; Case study analysis of textile industry challenges; Q/A on dependency problems; Group work on cultural changes due to globalization.

Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts
Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts
Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 164

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts
Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts
Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Terms of Sale in International Trade
Credit and Import Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define balance of trade and balance of payments. Distinguish between visible and invisible trade. Identify components of balance of payments account. Explain current and capital account transactions.
Define terms of sale concept. Explain basic terms: LOCO, F.O.R., F.A.S., F.O.B. Describe advanced terms: C&F, C.I.F., Landed, Franco. Apply terms to calculate cost implications.

Exposition of trade balance concepts; Group work identifying transaction types; Practical examples using Kenya's trade data; Discussion on visible vs invisible goods classification.
Exposition of various terms with shipping examples; Group work on cost allocation scenarios; Practical calculations on different terms; Case study analysis of term selection.

Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data
Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets
Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods
Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts
Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 167-169
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 175-176

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents
Specialized Trade Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bill of lading purposes and features. Describe insurance policy types and certificate of origin. Analyze commercial and consular invoices. Compare airway bill with other transport documents.

Examination of actual shipping documents; Discussion on insurance requirements; Group analysis of invoice types; Comparison of transport document features.

Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts
Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 177-178

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

IMF and World Bank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State objectives and functions of IMF. Explain stable exchange rate maintenance and international liquidity provision. Describe World Bank objectives and development financing role. Compare IMF and World Bank functions.

Exposition of institutional backgrounds; Discussion on exchange rate stabilization; Case studies on institutional interventions; Comparison of lending terms and objectives.

Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 180-182

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

African Development Institutions
Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration
Importance and Effects of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ADB establishment and functions. Describe ADF objectives and lending terms. Analyze impact on African development. Compare regional vs global financial institutions.
Explain importance of economic integration including market expansion and specialization. Analyze advantages of free trade. Identify disadvantages including revenue loss and unemployment risks. Evaluate overall impact on member countries.

Exposition of regional development banking; Case studies on funded African projects; Discussion on concessional lending terms; Analysis of development impact assessment.
Group discussions on integration benefits; Case studies on successful integration examples; Analysis of trade creation vs trade diversion; Balanced assessment of costs and benefits.

ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts
Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs
Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 181
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reasons for trade restrictions including infant industry and strategic industry protection. Describe methods: tariffs, quotas, administrative bottlenecks, foreign exchange control. Analyze dumping prevention and employment protection.

Exposition of protection rationale with examples; Detailed explanation of restriction methods; Practical examples of tariff and quota calculations; Case studies on protection policies.

Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators
Policy analysis documents, consumer impact studies, case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 185-187

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Trade Liberalization and Export Processing Zones
E-commerce and Digital Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain trade liberalization concept and effects. Describe EPZ characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Analyze impact on domestic industries. Evaluate EPZ contribution to economic development.

Exposition of liberalization trends; Case study on Athi River EPZ; Discussion on liberalization impacts on local industries; Analysis of EPZ success factors and challenges.

EPZ documentation, liberalization case studies, charts showing trade policy evolution
Computer/tablets for demonstration, e-commerce examples, online payment illustrations

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 188-189

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Forms and Importance of Economic Integration
Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trends in International Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define economic integration. Identify four forms of economic integration. Explain characteristics of free trade area, customs union, common market and economic union. Analyze importance of economic integration to member countries.
Outline methods of trade restriction including tariffs and quotas. Highlight administrative bottlenecks and foreign exchange control. Explain moral persuasion as restriction method. Calculate effects of different restriction methods.

Q/A session reviewing relevant integration terms; Exposition of integration forms with regional examples; Group discussions on East African integration progress; Analysis of integration benefits using case studies.
Detailed exposition of restriction methods; Practical examples of tariff and quota calculations; Discussion on administrative procedures; Group work on foreign exchange control mechanisms.

Maps showing integration blocs, charts comparing integration forms, newspaper articles on regional cooperation
Case study materials on successful integration, charts showing trade effects, policy analysis documents
Case study materials on protected industries, charts showing protection policies, newspaper articles on trade policies
Tariff schedules, quota examples, calculators, policy documents showing restriction methods
Policy analysis documents, case studies on protection outcomes, consumer impact studies
EPZ documentation, computers/tablets for e-commerce demonstration, charts showing trade liberalization effects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 182-185
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 186-187

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Economic Growth and Development Concepts
Characteristics of Under-development
Factors Hindering Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define economic growth and economic development. Distinguish between economic growth and development. Explain measurement of economic growth rates. Identify structural changes accompanying economic development.

Q/A session on development indicators; Guided discussion on growth vs development differences; Analysis of Kenya's economic journey; Group work on identifying structural changes.

Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports
Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries
Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 195-196

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how political institutions affect development progress. Analyze social institutions and cultural barriers. Discuss economic institutions and market efficiency roles. Evaluate extended family systems and work attitude impacts.

Detailed discussion on institutional roles; Case studies on governance and development correlation; Group analysis of cultural practices affecting development; Q/A on market efficiency and entrepreneurship promotion.

Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-203

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits
Problems in Development Planning Implementation
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define development planning concept and importance. Explain planning process including objective establishment. State government policy objectives for long-term development. Analyze resource identification and allocation in planning.
State problems encountered in development planning at formulation stage. Explain implementation challenges including donor dependency. Analyze natural calamities impact on planning. Discuss political will and coordination problems in plan execution.

Guided discussion on planning necessity; Exposition of systematic planning process; Group work on identifying realistic planning objectives; Analysis of Kenya's development planning experience.
Exposition of planning challenges at different stages; Case studies on planning failures and successes; Group discussions on realistic vs over-ambitious planning; Analysis of natural disasters impact and political commitment importance.

Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples
Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-204
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 204-206

REVISION

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Financial Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Master financial calculations and reporting
-Prepare financial
-Interpret and apply financial data to solve problems

- Solve past paper financial questions in groups
-Peer review and teacher marking of solutions

Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Master the rules of recording financial information
-Learn to prepare different financial reports
-Apply financial knowledge to solve problems
- Master financial calculations and reporting
-Prepare financial
-Interpret and apply financial data to solve problems

- Teacher shows how to prepare various financial reports
-Students work on past paper problems alone and in groups
-Teacher checks the work to ensure it's correct and gives feedback
- Solve past paper financial questions in groups
-Peer review and teacher marking of solutions

Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples

Business Studies KLB Book 1-4
Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Revise key definitions and facts
-Improve accuracy in short answers
-Practice time management

- Class quiz on common terms
-Group revision as guided by the teacher
-Peer marking using marking schemes

Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes

Business Studies Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Master the rules of recording financial information
-Learn to prepare different financial reports
-Apply financial knowledge to solve problems

- Teacher shows how to prepare various financial reports
-Students work on past paper problems alone and in groups
-Teacher checks the work to ensure it's correct and gives feedback

Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Book 1-4

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Master financial calculations and reporting
-Prepare financial
-Interpret and apply financial data to solve problems
- Revise key definitions and facts
-Improve accuracy in short answers
-Practice time management

- Solve past paper financial questions in groups
-Peer review and teacher marking of solutions
- Class quiz on common terms
-Group revision as guided by the teacher
-Peer marking using marking schemes

Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes
Business Studies Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Develop essay-style answers in a structured format
-Organize points logically under subheadings
-Practice time-bound responses

- Brainstorm key points for common topics as guided by the teacher
-Group discussion
-Peer review and teacher marking

Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies Paper 2, KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Descriptive Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Revise key definitions and facts
-Improve accuracy in short answers
-Practice time management

- Class quiz on common terms
-Group revision as guided by the teacher
-Peer marking using marking schemes

Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples

Business Studies Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4