AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Meaning of Land Tenure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term land tenure. Explain the concept of tenure security. Distinguish between customary and written laws. Identify factors influencing land tenure systems.

Exposition of new concepts on land tenure. Discussion on tenure security importance. Probing questions on land laws. Brief discussion on land rights.

Charts on land tenure concepts. Student textbooks. Land tenure system diagrams. Tenure security illustrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 140-142

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Collective Land Tenure System - Communal
Collective Land Tenure System - Co-operative and State
Individual Tenure System - Owner-operator

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages and disadvantages of communal land tenure system. Describe characteristics of communal land ownership. Give examples of communities practicing communal tenure. Explain problems associated with communal systems.

Brain storming on communal land ownership. Discussion on advantages and disadvantages. Exposition of communal system characteristics. Question and answer on system problems.

Examples of communal land systems. Advantage/disadvantage charts. Community examples (Maasai). Problem identification guides.
Co-operative land examples. State land system charts. Comparison tables. ADC farm examples.
Individual land ownership examples. Title deed samples. Production planning charts. Security benefit illustrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 142-144

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Individual Tenure System - Landlordism and Tenancy
Individual Tenure System - Concession/Company
Fragmentation and Sub-division of Land

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages and disadvantages of landlordism and tenancy. Explain leasehold land tenure system. Describe tenant-landlord relationships. Discuss rent payment methods.

Discussion on landlord-tenant systems. Exposition of leasehold arrangements. Brief discussion on rental agreements. Question and answer on payment methods.

Lease agreement examples. Landlord-tenant relationship charts. Rent payment systems. Leasehold land examples.
Company land examples. Estate system charts. Plantation examples (Delmonte). Government agreement illustrations.
Fragmentation examples. Factor identification charts. Agricultural impact illustrations. Inheritance process guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 144-147

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

Effects of Fragmentation and Sub-division
Land Reform - Meaning and Objectives
Land Consolidation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight effects of fragmentation and sub-division on agricultural development. Explain problems created by scattered holdings. Discuss difficulties in farm management. Identify challenges in extension services.

Brain storming on fragmentation problems. Discussion on management difficulties. Exposition of agricultural development effects. Brief discussion on extension challenges.

Fragmented land examples. Management problem charts. Development impact illustrations. Extension service challenges.
Land reform definition charts. Objective identification guides. Programme type illustrations. Land control examples.
Land consolidation examples. Process flow charts. Advantage identification guides. Consolidated farm illustrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 147-152

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Land Adjudication and Registration
Settlement and Resettlement
Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss land adjudication and registration processes. State steps followed in land adjudication. Explain information contained in land register and title deed. State benefits of land title deed to farmers.

Discussion on adjudication process. Exposition of registration procedures. Brief discussion on title deed contents. Question and answer on farmer benefits.

Adjudication process charts. Title deed examples. Registration procedure guides. Farmer benefit illustrations.
Settlement scheme examples. Objective identification charts. Kenya settlement history. Success requirement guides.
Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 152-157

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Splash and Sheet
Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Rill and Gully
Wind Erosion and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe raindrop/splash erosion process. Explain sheet erosion characteristics. Identify factors affecting splash erosion. State conditions favoring sheet erosion.

Discussion on raindrop impact effects. Exposition of splash erosion process. Brief discussion on sheet erosion. Demonstration using charts and diagrams.

Raindrop impact diagrams. Sheet erosion illustrations. Splash pattern charts. Erosion process demonstrations.
Rill erosion pictures. Gully formation diagrams. U and V-shaped gully illustrations. Channel erosion process charts.
Wind erosion pictures. Dust storm illustrations. Human activity impact charts. Erosion-prone area maps.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Effects of Soil Erosion
Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction
Landslides and Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight effects of soil erosion on agriculture. State effects on water bodies and infrastructure. Explain loss of soil micro-organisms. Discuss economic impacts of erosion.

Brain storming on erosion effects. Discussion on agricultural impacts. Exposition of infrastructure damage. Brief discussion on economic losses.

Erosion effect illustrations. Agricultural impact charts. Infrastructure damage pictures. Economic loss examples.
Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.
Landslide type illustrations. Mass wasting effect pictures. Cause identification charts. Prevention measure guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Methods of Soil and Water Conservation - Biological Control
Biological Control - Cropping Systems and Afforestation
Physical/Structural Control Measures - Trash Lines and Bunds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of soil and water conservation. Describe grass strips and filter strips. Explain contour farming benefits. State advantages of mulching in conservation.

Discussion on conservation methods. Exposition of biological control measures. Brief discussion on contour farming. Question and answer on mulching benefits.

Conservation method charts. Grass strip illustrations. Contour farming pictures. Mulching demonstration materials.
Cropping system diagrams. Strip cropping illustrations. Tree conservation role charts. Afforestation benefit guides.
Trash line construction pictures. Bund construction diagrams. Structural measure illustrations. Area suitability guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces
Water Harvesting Methods
Weed Identification and Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.
Water harvesting method charts. Weir and dam construction diagrams. Roof catchment illustrations. Rock catchment system pictures.
Charts showing common weeds. Weed identification guides. Drawing materials for weed illustrations. Classification system charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Common Weeds in East Africa
Competitive Ability of Weeds
Harmful Effects of Weeds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify common weeds found in East Africa. State botanical and common names of major weeds. Describe characteristics of different weed species. Explain competitive ability of weeds.

Brain storming on locally found weeds. Discussion on weed characteristics. Exposition of competitive ability factors. Question and answer on weed species.

Pictures of common East African weeds. Weed characteristic charts. Competitive ability factor guides. Local weed examples.
Weed propagation method charts. Environmental adaptation illustrations. Survival mechanism diagrams. Competitive factor identification guides.
Weed damage pictures. Crop quality comparison charts. Striga parasitism illustrations. Health effect information guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 200-202

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

More Harmful Effects and Benefits of Weeds
Chemical Weed Control - Introduction and Mode of Action
Classification of Herbicides - Formulation and Application Time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State effects of weeds on irrigation and aquatic systems. Explain effects on pasture quality. Describe beneficial effects of weeds. Discuss weeds as sources of food and medicine.

Discussion on aquatic weed problems. Exposition of pasture effects. Brief discussion on weed benefits. Question and answer on food and medicinal uses.

Aquatic weed pictures (water hyacinth). Pasture quality comparison charts. Beneficial weed examples. Food and medicine use illustrations.
Weed control method charts. Herbicide action diagrams. Mode of action illustrations. Herbicide effect demonstrations.
Herbicide formulation examples. Application timing charts. Formulation advantage guides. Timing recommendation tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 166-167

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Factors Affecting Selectivity and Effectiveness of Herbicides
Herbicide Combinations and Safety Precautions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemical Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting selectivity of herbicides. Explain factors affecting effectiveness of herbicides. Describe plant characteristics influencing herbicide action. Discuss environmental factors affecting herbicides.

Brain storming on selectivity factors. Discussion on effectiveness factors. Exposition of plant characteristic effects. Brief discussion on environmental influences.

Selectivity factor charts. Effectiveness factor guides. Plant characteristic illustrations. Environmental factor diagrams.
Herbicide combination charts for different crops. Safety precaution guides. Protective equipment illustrations. Safe handling procedure charts.
Advantage/disadvantage comparison charts. Method comparison tables. Environmental effect illustrations. Chemical control evaluation guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 205-206

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL
CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Mechanical Weed Control
Cultural, Biological and Legislative Control
Definition and classification of crop pests

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of tillage as weed control method. Explain disadvantages of mechanical cultivation. Describe slashing and uprooting methods. Compare mechanical methods with chemical control.

Discussion on tillage advantages and disadvantages. Exposition of mechanical methods. Brief discussion on method comparisons. Question and answer on mechanical techniques.

Mechanical control tool pictures. Tillage advantage/disadvantage charts. Method comparison tables. Mechanical technique illustrations.
Cultural control method charts. Biological control examples. Legislative control illustrations. Noxious weed law information.
Pictures of various crop pests, charts showing pest classification and damage

KLB BK III Pgs 209-210

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Field insect pests - biting and chewing
Field insect pests - piercing and sucking
Other field pests
Storage pests
Legislative and physical pest control methods
Cultural pest control methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify insects with biting and chewing mouth parts. Give examples of biting and chewing pests. Describe damage caused by biting insects. Draw and label mouth parts of a locust.

Examining pictures of biting insects. Drawing and labeling locust mouth parts. Discussion on damage patterns to different plant parts.

Pictures of locusts, army worms, cutworms, bollworms, diagrams of insect mouth parts
Pictures of aphids, scales, thrips, mealy bugs, charts showing disease transmission table
Pictures of mite damage, nematode galls, rodents, bird pests, large animals affecting crops
Storage pest specimens, damaged grain samples, pictures of various storage pests
Government quarantine documents, thermometers, charts showing physical control methods
Charts showing crop rotation cycles, pictures of trap crops, resistant variety samples, clean seeds

KLB BK III Pg 177-180

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Chemical pest control
Biological pest control and crop disease introduction
Fungal diseases
Coffee berry disease and other fungal diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify pesticides according to formulation, target pests, and mode of action. Explain factors affecting pesticide efficiency including concentration and timing. State advantages and disadvantages of chemical control. Define integrated pest management.

Exposition of pesticide classification. Discussion on application factors. Brain storming on pesticide advantages and disadvantages.

Sample pesticide containers, charts showing pesticide classification, application equipment
Pictures of beneficial insects, predator-prey relationship charts, diseased plant samples
Pictures of fungal structures, infected potato leaves, rusted plants, smut-infected crops
Pictures of infected coffee berries, charts showing disease cycle, fungal disease specimens

KLB BK III Pg 192-195

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Viral diseases
Bacterial diseases and nutritional disorders
Cultural control of crop diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe characteristics of viruses as obligate parasites. Identify symptoms of viral infections including chlorosis, mosaics, and rosetting. Explain viral disease transmission by insect vectors. Give examples of common viral diseases affecting crops.

Exposition of viral characteristics. Discussion on viral symptoms and transmission. Examination of virus-infected plant specimens.

Pictures of mosaic-infected plants, charts showing viral transmission, infected cassava and tobacco samples
Pictures of bacterial-infected plants, nutrient-deficient plants, charts showing various disease symptoms
Charts showing cultural control methods, disease-resistant variety samples, clean farming tools

KLB BK III Pg 203-204

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Chemical and legislative control of diseases
Maize - ecological requirements and varieties
Maize - land preparation and planting
Maize - field operations
Maize - pest and disease control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain chemical control methods including seed dressing, soil fumigation, and spraying. Describe legislative control methods for disease prevention. Discuss integrated disease management approaches. Evaluate effectiveness of different disease control methods.

Discussion on chemical control applications. Exposition of legislative disease control measures. Brain storming on integrated disease management strategies.

Fungicide samples, spraying equipment, government regulation documents, integrated management charts
Charts showing ecological zones, maize variety samples, maps of Kenya showing maize growing areas
Farm tools, certified maize seeds, measuring equipment, charts showing planting procedures
Fertilizer samples, calculators, charts showing application methods, herbicide containers
Pictures of maize pests, damaged maize plants, pest control chemicals

KLB BK III Pg 207-208

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Finger millet production
Finger millet - field management and pest control
Bulrush millet and sorghum production
Sorghum - pest and disease control
Beans production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline ecological requirements for finger millet. Identify finger millet varieties grown in Kenya. Describe land preparation and planting methods. Explain advantages of finger millet as a food security crop.

Exposition of finger millet characteristics. Discussion on growing conditions. Examination of finger millet specimens.

Finger millet samples, charts showing ecological requirements, pictures of finger millet fields
Fertilizer samples, finger millet storage containers, pictures of head blast disease
Bulrush millet and sorghum samples, charts comparing crop characteristics
Pictures of quelea birds, damaged sorghum plants, sorghum harvesting tools
Different bean variety samples, charts showing ecological requirements

KLB BK III Pg 204-206

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Beans - field operations and pest control
Rice production
Harvesting of industrial crops - cotton and pyrethrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe field operations in beans including weeding and irrigation. Identify pests and diseases affecting beans. Explain control methods for bean diseases including halo blight and anthracnose. Outline harvesting methods for dry and green beans.

Discussion on field management. Case study of bean diseases. Brain storming on disease control.

Pictures of bean diseases, diseased bean specimens, irrigation equipment
Maps showing rice schemes, pictures of rice fields, water control equipment
Cotton samples showing different grades, pyrethrum flowers, harvesting baskets

KLB BK III Pg 212-214

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)
FORAGE CROPS
FORAGE CROPS
FORAGE CROPS

Harvesting of industrial crops - sugarcane and coffee
Harvesting of industrial crops - tea
Introduction and pasture classification
Pasture establishment and planting materials
Fertilizer application and legume inoculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe harvesting methods for sugarcane including maturation indicators. Explain procedures for coffee cherry harvesting. State quality factors in coffee harvesting. Outline precautions during harvesting of tree crops.

Discussion on crop maturation signs. Examination of coffee cherries at different stages. Brain storming on quality maintenance.

Sugarcane samples, coffee cherries at different ripeness stages, harvesting tools
Tea plucking stick, tea baskets, fresh tea specimens showing different plucking standards
Charts showing pasture classification, specimens of grasses and legumes, altitude maps
Farm tools, pasture seeds, rhizomes, splits, charts showing sowing methods
Fertilizer samples, rhizobium inoculant, charts showing nitrogen fixation, legume nodules

KLB BK III Pg 217-218

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture management practices
Pasture utilization and defoliation
Carrying capacity and grazing systems
Napier grass production
Other fodder crops
Agroforestry fodder and conservation introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify effects of weeds on pasture productivity and explain control measures. Describe top dressing procedures and reasons. Explain topping, reseeding and controlled grazing methods. State pest control measures in pastures.

Brain storming on weed problems and management practices. Discussion on fertilizer selection and grazing control. Demonstration of management principles.

Pictures of pasture weeds, fertilizer samples, slashing tools, charts showing management practices
Charts showing defoliation effects, pasture quality samples, grazing schedules
Calculators, carrying capacity charts, paddocking diagrams, pictures of grazing methods
Napier grass specimens, stem cuttings with nodes, fertilizer samples, cutting tools
Guatemala grass specimens, mangold samples, clover and lucerne specimens, desmodium varieties
Leucaenia and calliandra samples, charts showing conservation methods, seasonal feed charts

KLB BK III Pg 227-230

FORAGE CROPS

Hay making
Silage making and silo types
Silage quality and requirements calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe hay making procedures and steps. Outline factors determining hay quality including species and harvesting stage. Explain proper drying and storage methods for hay. State advantages and disadvantages of hay making.

Discussion on hay making steps. Exposition of quality factors. Brain storming on quality maintenance during storage.

Hay samples, charts showing hay making process, storage equipment diagrams
Charts showing silo types, silage samples, fermentation diagrams, pH testing materials
Calculators, silage quality charts, additive samples, measurement tools, calculation worksheets

KLB BK III Pg 245-247

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Introduction to livestock diseases and observable conditions
Terms used in livestock diseases
Classification and protozoan diseases - ECF and anaplasmosis
Protozoan diseases - coccidiosis and trypanosomiasis
Bacterial diseases - mastitis
Bacterial diseases - fowl typhoid and foot rot

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define disease and distinguish between symptoms and signs. Identify observable conditions for detecting disease including pulse rate, temperature, and body condition. Explain disease-causing organisms and predisposing factors. State the role of vectors in disease transmission.

Exposition of disease concepts. Discussion on disease symptoms. Brain storming on predisposing factors. Demonstration of animal observation techniques.

Charts showing disease symptoms, thermometer, pictures of sick animals, disease organism diagrams
Charts showing immunity types, vaccine samples, timeline charts for incubation periods
Disease classification charts, tick specimens, pictures of ECF symptoms, maps showing disease distribution
Pictures of coccidiosis symptoms, tsetse fly specimens, maps showing trypanosomiasis areas, drug samples
Pictures of mastitis symptoms, milk samples showing mastitis, milking equipment, antibiotic samples
Pictures of fowl typhoid symptoms, foot rot specimens, hoof trimming tools, foot bath chemicals

KLB BK III Pg 250-251

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Bacterial diseases - contagious abortion and scours
Bacterial diseases - black quarter, anthrax and pneumonia
Viral diseases - rinderpest and foot and mouth disease
Viral diseases - Newcastle, fowl pox and Gumboro
Viral diseases - African swine fever
Nutritional disorders - milk fever and bloat

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe contagious abortion (brucellosis) as zoonotic disease. Explain symptoms including abortion and retained placenta. Describe scours in young animals and predisposing factors. Outline control measures including vaccination and hygiene.

Discussion on zoonotic diseases. Case study of brucellosis control. Examination of scours symptoms. Brain storming on young animal management.

Charts showing brucellosis transmission, pictures of scours symptoms, vaccination schedules, hygiene materials
Pictures of black quarter symptoms, anthrax control procedures, vaccination equipment, ventilation diagrams
Pictures of rinderpest symptoms, foot and mouth disease lesions, quarantine procedures, vaccination records
Pictures of Newcastle symptoms, fowl pox lesions, Gumboro symptoms, poultry vaccination equipment
Pictures of African swine fever symptoms, pig management charts, quarantine procedures, disease control equipment
Calcium injection equipment, charts showing milk fever symptoms, bloat treatment tools, nutritional supplements

KLB BK III Pg 259-261