SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Introduction and Cash Receipts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define source documents; Explain importance of source documents; Describe features of cash receipts; Distinguish between cash and cheque payments

Q/A on business transactions; Discussion on documentary evidence; Examination of cash receipt samples; Practical exercise filling cash receipts

Sample receipts, cash register examples, receipt books

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 1-3

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Invoice
Debit Note and Credit Note
Payment Voucher and Introduction to Books of Original Entry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details of an invoice; Identify all components of an invoice; Explain terms like E&OE, trade discount, cash discount; Calculate discount amounts

Detailed examination of sample invoice; Analysis of invoice components; Practical calculation of trade and cash discounts; Group discussion on invoice terms

Sample invoices, calculators, discount calculation worksheets
Sample debit notes, credit notes (red colored), comparison charts
Payment vouchers, petty cash vouchers, chart of all books of original entry

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 3-4

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Sales Journal
Posting from Sales Journal
Sales Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of sales journal; Prepare sales journal from credit sales transactions; Record transactions in proper format; Understand source documents used

Step-by-step demonstration of sales journal preparation; Practical exercise with multiple credit sales; Discussion on journal format and columns

Sales invoices, sales journal format, sample credit sales transactions
Sales journal, sales ledger accounts, general ledger format, posting examples
Credit notes issued, sales returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 8

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Purchases Journal
Posting from Purchases Journal
Purchases Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare purchases journal from credit purchases; Record transactions using purchase invoices; Understand invoice numbering systems; Format journal correctly
Prepare purchases returns journal; Record goods returned to suppliers; Post to creditors accounts and returns outwards account; Use credit notes received

Examination of purchase invoices; Practical preparation of purchases journal; Discussion on different invoice numbering; Group exercise with sample purchases
Examination of credit notes received; Preparation of purchases returns journal; Complete posting exercise; Discussion on returns outwards concept

Purchase invoices, purchases journal format, sample credit purchase transactions
Purchases journal, purchases ledger, general ledger accounts
Credit notes received, purchases returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 14
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 16-19

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Receipts Journal
Posting from Cash Receipts Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash receipts journal; Record cash and cheque receipts; Include discount allowed column; Distinguish receipt sources

Introduction to cash receipts journal format; Recording various types of receipts; Practical exercise with cash sales and debtor payments; Discussion on discount columns

Cash receipts journal format, sample receipts, cash sales data
Cash receipts journal, cash book format, general ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 19

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Payments Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash payments journal; Record cash and cheque payments; Include discount received column; Post to relevant ledger accounts

Preparation of cash payments journal using payment data; Complete posting exercise to cash book and ledgers; Discussion on discount received

Cash payments journal format, payment vouchers, receipts, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 22-25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

The Petty Cash Book - Imprest System
Petty Cash Book Preparation and Analysis
Posting from Petty Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain petty cash concept; Define and apply imprest system; Identify features of petty cash book; Understand petty cashier responsibilities
Post analysis column totals to general ledger; Post creditor payments to purchases ledger; Understand petty cash book as both ledger and journal

Discussion on petty cash concept; Introduction to imprest system; Examination of petty cash book format; Explanation of reimbursement process
Demonstration of posting from analysis columns; Practical posting exercise; Discussion on dual nature of petty cash book; Review of all posting procedures

Petty cash book format, sample petty cash vouchers, imprest system examples
Petty cash transactions, analysis cash book format, calculator, petty cash vouchers
Petty cash book, general ledger accounts, purchases ledger

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 25
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 30-31

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Analysis Cash Book
General Journal - Introduction and Fixed Assets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in analysis cash book; Use analysis columns for receipts and payments; Apply to non-profit organizations; Post analysis totals

Preparation of analysis cash book for organizations; Discussion on analysis column selection; Practical exercise for football club; Posting totals to accounts

Analysis cash book format, sample transactions for club/society, ledger accounts
General journal format, fixed asset transaction examples, calculator for gains/losses

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 31-35

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

General Journal - Opening Entries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare opening entries for new businesses; Record assets, liabilities and capital; Calculate capital as balancing figure; Apply double entry principles

Practical exercise preparing opening entries; Step-by-step calculation of capital; Discussion on starting new books of accounts; Review of double entry

Opening balance data, general journal format, calculator

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 37-39

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE

General Journal - Closing Entries and Error Corrections
Importance of Journals
Introduction, Types and Advantages
Disadvantages of International Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record closing entries and transfers; Correct errors through journal entries; Record miscellaneous transactions; Understand when to use general journal
State reasons for maintaining journals; Explain benefits to business operations; Understand fraud prevention aspects; Analyze efficiency improvements

Practice with closing entries; Error correction exercises; Discussion on transfer entries; Review of general journal applications
Group discussion on journal importance; Analysis of business benefits; Case study on fraud prevention; Debate on manual vs computerized systems

Sample closing entries, error correction scenarios, transfer examples
Discussion prompts, case study materials, summary charts
World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines
Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 39-40
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 40

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Computing Terms of Trade
Factors Affecting Terms of Trade
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define terms of trade. Calculate export and import price indices. Compute terms of trade using formulas. Interpret favorable and unfavorable terms of trade.

Exposition of terms of trade concept; Step-by-step calculation demonstrations; Worked examples with real data; Supervised practice on numerical problems.

Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts
Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines
Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 164-166

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts
Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Terms of Sale in International Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare balance of payments on current account. Calculate balance of payments on capital account. Determine overall balance of payments. Interpret account balances and official settlement account.

Step-by-step account preparation; Worked examples with comprehensive data; Supervised practice exercises; Group problem-solving on complex scenarios.

Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets
Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods
Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 169-171

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Credit and Import Documents
Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents
Specialized Trade Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain letter of credit functions and types. Describe import licence requirements. Analyze indent procedures (open and closed). Discuss creditworthiness and banking relationships.
Explain bill of lading purposes and features. Describe insurance policy types and certificate of origin. Analyze commercial and consular invoices. Compare airway bill with other transport documents.

Examination of actual letters of credit; Discussion on import licensing procedures; Group work on indent preparation; Analysis of banking documentation requirements.
Examination of actual shipping documents; Discussion on insurance requirements; Group analysis of invoice types; Comparison of transport document features.

Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents
Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts
Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 176-177
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 177-178

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

IMF and World Bank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State objectives and functions of IMF. Explain stable exchange rate maintenance and international liquidity provision. Describe World Bank objectives and development financing role. Compare IMF and World Bank functions.

Exposition of institutional backgrounds; Discussion on exchange rate stabilization; Case studies on institutional interventions; Comparison of lending terms and objectives.

Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 180-182

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

African Development Institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ADB establishment and functions. Describe ADF objectives and lending terms. Analyze impact on African development. Compare regional vs global financial institutions.

Exposition of regional development banking; Case studies on funded African projects; Discussion on concessional lending terms; Analysis of development impact assessment.

ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 181

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration
Importance and Effects of Economic Integration
Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define economic integration. Identify and explain four forms: free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union. Compare characteristics and features of each form. Analyze progression from simple to complex integration.
Explain reasons for trade restrictions including infant industry and strategic industry protection. Describe methods: tariffs, quotas, administrative bottlenecks, foreign exchange control. Analyze dumping prevention and employment protection.

Exposition of integration concept and forms; Group discussions on regional cooperation examples; Comparison of integration levels using charts; Analysis of East African integration progress.
Exposition of protection rationale with examples; Detailed explanation of restriction methods; Practical examples of tariff and quota calculations; Case studies on protection policies.

Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs
Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects
Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 182-184
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 185-187

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trade Liberalization and Export Processing Zones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of trade restrictions for domestic industries. Identify disadvantages including retaliation risks and consumer impacts. Analyze quality and price implications. Evaluate long-term effects on economic efficiency.

Balanced analysis of restriction effects; Case studies on protection outcomes and retaliation; Discussion on consumer welfare impacts; Group evaluation of policy trade-offs.

Policy analysis documents, consumer impact studies, case study materials
EPZ documentation, liberalization case studies, charts showing trade policy evolution

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 187-188

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

E-commerce and Digital Trade
Forms and Importance of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain e-commerce applications in international trade. Describe online payment systems and digital transactions. Analyze advantages and challenges of digital trade. Discuss future trends in electronic commerce.

Demonstration of e-commerce platforms; Discussion on digital payment security; Group work on online trade benefits and risks; Analysis of technology impact on trade.

Computer/tablets for demonstration, e-commerce examples, online payment illustrations
Maps showing integration blocs, charts comparing integration forms, newspaper articles on regional cooperation

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 189

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trends in International Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Enumerate advantages of free trade including market expansion and specialization. Identify disadvantages such as revenue loss and unemployment risks. Analyze trade creation vs trade diversion effects. Evaluate impact on local industries and consumer choice.
State advantages of trade restrictions for domestic economy. Identify disadvantages including retaliation risks and quality issues. Analyze consumer choice limitations and monopoly emergence. Evaluate long-term economic efficiency impacts.

Guided discussion on free trade benefits; Case studies on integration success stories; Group analysis of trade diversion problems; Q/A on consumer welfare impacts and government revenue effects.
Balanced exposition of restriction effects; Case studies on protection outcomes and retaliation examples; Group discussions on consumer welfare impacts; Analysis of monopoly emergence risks.

Case study materials on successful integration, charts showing trade effects, policy analysis documents
Case study materials on protected industries, charts showing protection policies, newspaper articles on trade policies
Tariff schedules, quota examples, calculators, policy documents showing restriction methods
Policy analysis documents, case studies on protection outcomes, consumer impact studies
EPZ documentation, computers/tablets for e-commerce demonstration, charts showing trade liberalization effects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 187-188

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Economic Growth and Development Concepts
Characteristics of Under-development
Factors Hindering Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define economic growth and economic development. Distinguish between economic growth and development. Explain measurement of economic growth rates. Identify structural changes accompanying economic development.

Q/A session on development indicators; Guided discussion on growth vs development differences; Analysis of Kenya's economic journey; Group work on identifying structural changes.

Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports
Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries
Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 195-196

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how political institutions affect development progress. Analyze social institutions and cultural barriers. Discuss economic institutions and market efficiency roles. Evaluate extended family systems and work attitude impacts.

Detailed discussion on institutional roles; Case studies on governance and development correlation; Group analysis of cultural practices affecting development; Q/A on market efficiency and entrepreneurship promotion.

Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-203

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits
Problems in Development Planning Implementation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define development planning concept and importance. Explain planning process including objective establishment. State government policy objectives for long-term development. Analyze resource identification and allocation in planning.

Guided discussion on planning necessity; Exposition of systematic planning process; Group work on identifying realistic planning objectives; Analysis of Kenya's development planning experience.

Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples
Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-204