SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Introduction and Cash Receipts
Invoice
Debit Note and Credit Note
Payment Voucher and Introduction to Books of Original Entry
Sales Journal
Posting from Sales Journal
Sales Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define source documents; Explain importance of source documents; Describe features of cash receipts; Distinguish between cash and cheque payments
Define debit note and credit note; Explain purposes of each document; Distinguish between debit and credit notes; Identify when each is used

Q/A on business transactions; Discussion on documentary evidence; Examination of cash receipt samples; Practical exercise filling cash receipts
Examination of sample notes; Comparison exercise between debit and credit notes; Role-play scenarios for issuing notes; Discussion on correction purposes

Sample receipts, cash register examples, receipt books
Sample invoices, calculators, discount calculation worksheets
Sample debit notes, credit notes (red colored), comparison charts
Payment vouchers, petty cash vouchers, chart of all books of original entry
Sales invoices, sales journal format, sample credit sales transactions
Sales journal, sales ledger accounts, general ledger format, posting examples
Credit notes issued, sales returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 1-3
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 4-5

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Purchases Journal
Posting from Purchases Journal
Purchases Returns Journal and Posting
Cash Receipts Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare purchases journal from credit purchases; Record transactions using purchase invoices; Understand invoice numbering systems; Format journal correctly

Examination of purchase invoices; Practical preparation of purchases journal; Discussion on different invoice numbering; Group exercise with sample purchases

Purchase invoices, purchases journal format, sample credit purchase transactions
Purchases journal, purchases ledger, general ledger accounts
Credit notes received, purchases returns journal format, ledger accounts
Cash receipts journal format, sample receipts, cash sales data

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 14

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Cash Receipts Journal
Cash Payments Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Post totals to cash book and bank account; Post individual amounts to relevant accounts; Post discount totals to general ledger; Complete double entry

Demonstration of posting procedure; Practical exercise posting to cash book and ledgers; Discussion on relationship with cash book

Cash receipts journal, cash book format, general ledger accounts
Cash payments journal format, payment vouchers, receipts, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 19-22

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

The Petty Cash Book - Imprest System
Petty Cash Book Preparation and Analysis
Posting from Petty Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain petty cash concept; Define and apply imprest system; Identify features of petty cash book; Understand petty cashier responsibilities

Discussion on petty cash concept; Introduction to imprest system; Examination of petty cash book format; Explanation of reimbursement process

Petty cash book format, sample petty cash vouchers, imprest system examples
Petty cash transactions, analysis cash book format, calculator, petty cash vouchers
Petty cash book, general ledger accounts, purchases ledger

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Analysis Cash Book
General Journal - Introduction and Fixed Assets
General Journal - Opening Entries
General Journal - Closing Entries and Error Corrections
Importance of Journals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in analysis cash book; Use analysis columns for receipts and payments; Apply to non-profit organizations; Post analysis totals
Prepare opening entries for new businesses; Record assets, liabilities and capital; Calculate capital as balancing figure; Apply double entry principles

Preparation of analysis cash book for organizations; Discussion on analysis column selection; Practical exercise for football club; Posting totals to accounts
Practical exercise preparing opening entries; Step-by-step calculation of capital; Discussion on starting new books of accounts; Review of double entry

Analysis cash book format, sample transactions for club/society, ledger accounts
General journal format, fixed asset transaction examples, calculator for gains/losses
Opening balance data, general journal format, calculator
Sample closing entries, error correction scenarios, transfer examples
Discussion prompts, case study materials, summary charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 31-35
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 37-39

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Introduction and Trading Period Concept
Determination of Profit or Loss
Cost of Goods Sold Calculations
Complex Profit and Loss Calculations
Introduction to Trading Account
Trading Account Preparation - Basic

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain concept of trading period; Define accounting period; Distinguish between different period lengths; Give examples of financial statements

Q/A on business performance measurement; Discussion on why businesses need to measure profits; Brainstorming on different accounting periods; Introduction to final accounts

Charts showing different accounting periods, sample financial statements
Calculators, simple profit calculation worksheets, examples from textbook
Calculators, cost of goods sold worksheets, stock calculation examples
Advanced calculation worksheets, complex business scenarios, group work materials
Trading account format sheets, demonstration materials, simple examples
Trading account formats, practical examples, balancing demonstrations

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 53-54

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Trading Account with Adjustments
Importance and Applications of Trading Account
Net Profit and Net Loss Concepts
Revenue and Expense Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Include returns inwards and outwards; Add carriage inwards to purchases; Prepare comprehensive trading accounts; Handle multiple adjustments

Advanced trading account preparation; Using Karanja's comprehensive example; Practice with all possible adjustments; Group exercises on complex accounts

Comprehensive trading account formats, advanced examples, adjustment worksheets
Case study materials, performance comparison charts, presentation guidelines
Net profit calculation sheets, revenue and expense examples, comparison charts
Classification worksheets, trial balance examples, group exercise materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 58-60

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Profit and Loss Account Preparation
Profit and Loss Account from Trial Balance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare profit and loss accounts; Transfer gross profit correctly; Include all revenues and expenses; Balance the account properly

Step-by-step preparation using Tabitha Akinyi's data; Demonstration of proper format; Practice with Salim's example; Individual preparation exercises

Profit and loss account formats, demonstration materials, practice examples
Trial balance examples, extraction worksheets, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 62-63

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Combined Trading and Profit & Loss Account
Importance of Profit and Loss Account
Balance Sheet Introduction
Balance Sheet Preparation
Types of Capital
Capital Calculations and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare combined trading, profit and loss account; Use Kipande Traders comprehensive example; Handle complete final accounts; Apply proper formatting
Prepare balance sheet from trial balance; Make adjustments for net profit and drawings; Apply proper balance sheet format; Ensure balancing totals

Comprehensive preparation using Kipande Traders; Step-by-step combined account preparation; Practice with complete examples; Individual and group work
Practical preparation using Kipande Traders; Step-by-step balance sheet construction; Adjustments for profit and drawings; Balancing exercises

Complete final account formats, comprehensive examples, practice materials
Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, role-play guidelines
Balance sheet formats, accounting equation demonstrations, basic examples
Balance sheet preparation sheets, adjustment examples, balancing demonstrations
Capital calculation worksheets, Upinde Traders example, calculation exercises
Advanced calculation sheets, multiple scenarios, problem-solving materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 64-66
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 66-67

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Introduction to Financial Ratios
Mark-up Calculations and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define financial ratios; Explain importance of ratios; Introduce mark-up concept; Calculate basic mark-up

Introduction to ratio analysis; Explanation of mark-up concept; Basic mark-up calculations; Discussion on pricing strategies

Ratio calculation sheets, mark-up examples, pricing strategy materials
Mark-up calculation worksheets, Kiambu Traders example, pricing problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 69-71

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Margin Concept and Calculations
Relationship Between Mark-up and Margin
Trading Account Preparation Using Ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define margin; Distinguish between mark-up and margin; Calculate margin using different methods; Apply margin in business decisions

Introduction to margin concept; Comparison with mark-up; Practical calculations; Using Waithera's example for margin applications

Margin calculation sheets, comparison charts, Waithera's example
Conversion formula sheets, mathematical examples, complex problems
Trading account formats, incomplete record examples, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 71-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Current Ratio and Working Capital Ratio
Rate of Stock Turnover

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define current ratio; Calculate working capital ratio; Interpret ratio results; Understand liquidity implications

Introduction to liquidity ratios; Practical calculations using Busia Traders; Interpretation of results; Discussion on business implications

Ratio calculation sheets, Busia Traders example, interpretation guides
Stock turnover worksheets, Upendo Traders example, practical applications

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 75-76

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING
MONEY & BANKING

Stock Turnover Applications
Return on Capital
Acid Test and Quick Ratio
Importance of Financial Ratios
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations
Money System and Characteristics of Money
Functions of Money
Demand for Money and Supply of Money

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use stock turnover in trading accounts; Handle incomplete records scenarios; Apply Maendeleo Traders example; Solve complex problems
Explain importance of each ratio type; Identify stakeholder uses; Understand decision-making applications; Analyze business implications

Advanced applications using Maendeleo Traders; Incomplete records problem-solving; Complex scenario analysis; Individual practice
Comprehensive discussion on ratio importance; Stakeholder analysis; Case studies on ratio applications; Group presentations

Advanced application sheets, Maendeleo Traders example, complex scenarios
Return calculation sheets, Mr Odiek's example, comparison materials
Quick ratio worksheets, Nakura Stores example, liquidity analysis materials
Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, presentation guidelines
Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts
Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples
Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples
Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 80

MONEY & BANKING

Banking System and Development of Banking
Commercial Banks and Their Services
Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange
Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings
Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify elements of Kenya's banking system. Explain hierarchy of banks. Trace history of banking development from goldsmith banking to modern banking. Understand banking evolution.

Mapping exercise of Kenya's banking system. Historical timeline creation of banking development. Story-telling of goldsmith banking origins. Group research on banking categories. Banking evolution discussions.

Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts
Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards
Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts
Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts
Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 99-101

MONEY & BANKING

Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)
Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define NBFIs and their purpose. Explain Development Finance Institutions, Housing Finance Companies, SACCOs, Insurance Companies. Detail their functions and services.

Research on local NBFIs. SACCO membership simulation. Insurance policy analysis. Housing finance case studies. Group presentations on NBFI roles.

NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials
Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Central Bank Functions
Monetary Policy Tools
Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Central Bank role in monetary control. Explain currency issuing, banker to banks, government banking, bank control, and clearing house functions. Demonstrate lender of last resort role.

Central Bank role-play activities. Currency management simulation. Inter-bank transaction examples. Government account simulation. Bank supervision demonstrations. Cheque clearing exercises.

Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples
Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables
ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 113-115

MONEY & BANKING
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCE

Modern Banking Trends
Introduction to Public Finance and its Purpose
Purpose of Public Finance - Provision of Essential Services
Purpose of Public Finance - Economic Control and Development
Sources of Public Finance - Overview and Classification
Government Borrowing - Internal and External
Types of Debt and Government Expenditure
Principles of Public Expenditure
Introduction to Tax and Taxation
Principles of Taxation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mobile banking, e-banking, and M-pesa services. Detail credit facilities evolution and customer care improvements. Analyze mobile banks and Pesa Point services. Assess banking accessibility improvements.
Define government borrowing. Distinguish between internal and external borrowing. Explain bilateral and multilateral borrowing. Analyze the concept of national debt.

Mobile money demonstrations. E-banking simulations. Digital payment exercises. Credit application processes. Customer service role-plays. Mobile bank simulation.
Detailed teacher explanation with chalkboard illustrations; Discussion on Kenya borrowing from different countries; Students share what they know about loans; Simple calculations of debt examples.

Mobile phones, E-banking platforms, Digital payment examples, Credit forms, Service scenarios, Mobile bank materials
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, pens, local examples from students' experience.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' prior knowledge and experiences.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, examples from students' local knowledge, chalk.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' observations from daily life.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic calculator (if available), student knowledge.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, local examples from students' environment.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' general knowledge from radio/conversations.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' shopping experiences and observations.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' market experiences and price observations.

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 119-121
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 125-127

PUBLIC FINANCE

Classification of Taxes - By Structure
Classification of Taxes - Direct vs Indirect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define and distinguish regressive, proportional and progressive taxes. Calculate tax under different tax structures. Analyze the impact of each tax structure on different income groups. Evaluate merits and demerits of progressive taxation.

Teacher works through mathematical examples on chalkboard; Students practice calculations in exercise books; Group work comparing effects on different income earners; Supervised practice with simple numbers.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, basic arithmetic skills, simple calculation examples.
Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, students' knowledge of prices and salary deductions.

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 132-135

PUBLIC FINANCE
INFLATION
INFLATION
INFLATION
INFLATION

Merits and Demerits of Direct and Indirect Taxes
Introduction to Inflation and Deflation
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Concepts
CPI Calculation - Simple Average Method
CPI Calculation - Weighted Average Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze advantages and disadvantages of direct taxation. Evaluate merits and demerits of indirect taxation. Compare effectiveness of direct vs indirect taxes. Assess the role of both types in government revenue.

Comparative discussion using chalkboard summary; Group debates on which tax system is better; Students discuss tax avoidance they have observed; Comprehensive review and written exercise; Topic summary preparation.

Chalkboard, textbook, exercise books, chalk, student experiences and observations, review questions.
Price comparison charts from different years, Country inflation examples, Purchasing power calculation sheets, Real product price data
Sample consumer baskets, Base year price data, Price collection sheets, Index calculation examples, Consumer survey materials
Price data for multiple commodities, Calculation worksheets, Calculators, CPI formula charts, Practice problem sets
Family budget examples, Weight assignment sheets, Weighted calculation templates, Comparison tables, Advanced calculation problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 135-141

INFLATION

Types of Inflation and Demand-Pull Inflation
More Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push Inflation and Its Causes
More Cost-Push Causes and Subsidy Effects
Levels of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify inflation by causes: demand-pull and cost-push. Define demand-pull inflation as "too much money chasing few goods." Identify causes: increased government expenditure, credit creation effects, increased incomes.

Demand-pull inflation simulation using classroom market. Analysis of government spending impact on prices. Credit creation and money supply exercises. Case studies on income increases and price effects.

Market simulation materials, Government spending examples, Money supply charts, Income increase scenarios, Demand-pull diagrams
Shortage simulation materials, Population growth data, Expectation scenario cards, Consumer expenditure charts, Supply-demand graphs
Production cost scenarios, Wage-price spiral charts, Tax impact examples, Import price data, Cost-push diagrams
Manufacturing cost examples, Subsidy impact data, Profit margin scenarios, Input cost charts, Comprehensive comparison tables
Historical inflation data, Germany 1923 case study, Country comparison charts, Inflation level classification sheets

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 148-150

INFLATION

Positive Effects of Inflation
Negative Effects of Inflation
More Negative Effects and Economic Impact
Controlling Inflation - Monetary Policy Tools
More Monetary Policy Tools and Fiscal Policy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze benefits for debtors paying less in real terms. Explain how sellers can earn more profits. Demonstrate motivation to work harder. Show increased production and better resource utilization.
Define monetary policy for inflation control. Explain Central Bank tools: bank rate increases, open market operations. Demonstrate cash ratio and compulsory deposits effects.

Debtor-creditor scenario analysis with inflation impact. Seller profit calculation exercises during inflation. Work motivation case studies during inflationary periods. Resource utilization efficiency examples during inflation.
Monetary policy simulation with Central Bank role-play. Interest rate impact exercises on borrowing and spending. Open market operations demonstrations. Cash ratio calculation and credit impact analysis.

Debtor-creditor scenarios, Profit calculation sheets, Work motivation examples, Resource utilization cases, Real vs nominal value charts
Sales simulation materials, Time cost analysis sheets, Role-play scenarios, Living standard calculation examples, Wage negotiation materials
Creditor loss examples, Economic growth data, Balance of payments charts, Monetary confidence indicators, Savings impact studies
Central Bank simulation materials, Interest rate impact charts, Securities trading examples, Cash ratio calculation sheets
Credit control scenarios, Directive examples, Government spending data, Tax policy impact charts, Fiscal policy simulation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 153-154
KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 156-157

INFLATION

Fiscal Policy Measures and Production Solutions
Statutory Measures for Inflation Control
Export Controls and Comprehensive Control Strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reducing taxes on production to control cost-push inflation. Demonstrate subsidizing production effects. Show government production of scarce commodities. Analyze comprehensive fiscal policy approaches.

Production tax reduction impact analysis. Subsidy effect calculations on final prices. Government production case studies. Comprehensive fiscal policy design exercises for inflation control.

Production tax examples, Subsidy calculation sheets, Government production cases, Policy design templates, Impact analysis charts
Wage control examples, Price control policies, Import restriction data, Credit control scenarios, Policy implementation cases
Export control examples, Multi-strategy templates, Historical effectiveness data, Strategy design sheets, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 157-158

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Introduction, Types and Advantages
Disadvantages of International Trade
Computing Terms of Trade
Factors Affecting Terms of Trade
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define international trade. Distinguish between bilateral and multilateral trade. State advantages of international trade. Explain how trade promotes specialization and employment.

Q/A session on local trading experiences; Brainstorming on goods Kenya exports/imports; Group discussion on trade advantages with real examples; Analysis of technology transfer cases.

World map, newspapers with trade reports, charts showing Kenya's trading partners, business magazines
Newspaper cuttings on industry closures, case study materials, charts showing trade impacts
Calculators, statistical data sheets, worked examples, formula charts
Case study materials, charts comparing different economies, business magazines
Trade statistics, charts showing balance structure, newspapers with economic data

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 162-164

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Preparing Balance of Payments Accounts
Balance of Payments Disequilibrium
Terms of Sale in International Trade
Credit and Import Documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare balance of payments on current account. Calculate balance of payments on capital account. Determine overall balance of payments. Interpret account balances and official settlement account.

Step-by-step account preparation; Worked examples with comprehensive data; Supervised practice exercises; Group problem-solving on complex scenarios.

Account worksheets, calculators, worked examples, practice data sets
Policy documents, case study materials, charts showing correction methods
Shipping documents, cost calculation worksheets, practical scenarios, charts
Sample letters of credit, import licence forms, indent examples, banking documents

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 169-171

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Documents
Specialized Trade Documents
IMF and World Bank
African Development Institutions
Forms and Characteristics of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain bill of lading purposes and features. Describe insurance policy types and certificate of origin. Analyze commercial and consular invoices. Compare airway bill with other transport documents.
Explain ADB establishment and functions. Describe ADF objectives and lending terms. Analyze impact on African development. Compare regional vs global financial institutions.

Examination of actual shipping documents; Discussion on insurance requirements; Group analysis of invoice types; Comparison of transport document features.
Exposition of regional development banking; Case studies on funded African projects; Discussion on concessional lending terms; Analysis of development impact assessment.

Bill of lading samples, insurance certificates, invoice examples, document comparison charts
Document samples, flow charts, practical scenarios, case studies
Charts showing institutional structures, case study materials, project reports
ADB/ADF project reports, development case studies, institutional comparison charts
Maps showing integration blocs, comparison charts, case study materials on regional blocs

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 177-178
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 181

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Importance and Effects of Economic Integration
Reasons and Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of economic integration including market expansion and specialization. Analyze advantages of free trade. Identify disadvantages including revenue loss and unemployment risks. Evaluate overall impact on member countries.

Group discussions on integration benefits; Case studies on successful integration examples; Analysis of trade creation vs trade diversion; Balanced assessment of costs and benefits.

Integration success stories, policy analysis documents, charts showing trade effects
Case study materials, tariff schedules, quota examples, policy documents, calculators
Policy analysis documents, consumer impact studies, case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Trade Liberalization and Export Processing Zones
E-commerce and Digital Trade
Forms and Importance of Economic Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain trade liberalization concept and effects. Describe EPZ characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Analyze impact on domestic industries. Evaluate EPZ contribution to economic development.

Exposition of liberalization trends; Case study on Athi River EPZ; Discussion on liberalization impacts on local industries; Analysis of EPZ success factors and challenges.

EPZ documentation, liberalization case studies, charts showing trade policy evolution
Computer/tablets for demonstration, e-commerce examples, online payment illustrations
Maps showing integration blocs, charts comparing integration forms, newspaper articles on regional cooperation

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 188-189

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Methods of Trade Restrictions
Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade Restrictions
Trends in International Trade
Economic Growth and Development Concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Enumerate advantages of free trade including market expansion and specialization. Identify disadvantages such as revenue loss and unemployment risks. Analyze trade creation vs trade diversion effects. Evaluate impact on local industries and consumer choice.

Guided discussion on free trade benefits; Case studies on integration success stories; Group analysis of trade diversion problems; Q/A on consumer welfare impacts and government revenue effects.

Case study materials on successful integration, charts showing trade effects, policy analysis documents
Case study materials on protected industries, charts showing protection policies, newspaper articles on trade policies
Tariff schedules, quota examples, calculators, policy documents showing restriction methods
Policy analysis documents, case studies on protection outcomes, consumer impact studies
EPZ documentation, computers/tablets for e-commerce demonstration, charts showing trade liberalization effects
Statistical data on economic indicators, charts comparing developed vs developing countries, newspaper economic reports

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 184-185

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Characteristics of Under-development
Factors Hindering Development
Political, Social and Economic Institutional Factors
Development Planning Process and Objectives
Need for Development Planning and Benefits
Problems in Development Planning Implementation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify comprehensive characteristics of under-development. Explain high poverty levels and income disparity issues. Analyze unemployment problems and subsistence sector dominance. Discuss dependence on developed countries and infrastructure challenges.
Define development planning concept and importance. Explain planning process including objective establishment. State government policy objectives for long-term development. Analyze resource identification and allocation in planning.

Brainstorming session on development indicators; Detailed exposition of under-development characteristics; Group discussions on poverty and unemployment statistics; Visual analysis of infrastructure differences.
Guided discussion on planning necessity; Exposition of systematic planning process; Group work on identifying realistic planning objectives; Analysis of Kenya's development planning experience.

Statistical data on poverty and unemployment, photos showing infrastructure gaps, case study materials on developing countries
Case studies on development barriers, charts showing technology gaps, brain drain statistics
Governance case studies, cultural practice examples, charts showing institutional frameworks
Kenya's development plan documents, planning process flowcharts, resource allocation examples
Planning success case studies, foreign aid effectiveness reports, project evaluation examples
Case studies on planning challenges, disaster impact reports, examples of successful and failed development projects

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 197-199
KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 202-204

REVISION

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Revise key definitions and facts
-Improve accuracy in short answers
-Practice time management

- Class quiz on common terms
-Group revision as guided by the teacher
-Peer marking using marking schemes

Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples

Business Studies Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Revise key definitions and facts
-Improve accuracy in short answers
-Practice time management

- Class quiz on common terms
-Group revision as guided by the teacher
-Peer marking using marking schemes

Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples

Business Studies Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision

Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply business knowledge to real business situations
-Develop clear, logical explanations

- Teacher demonstrates how to answer explanation questions
-Students answer questions on factors, reasons, and effects
-Class discussion and corrections

Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes
Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes

Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 1 Revision
Paper 2 Revision
Paper 2 Revision

Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions
Short Answer & Definition Questions
Application & Explanation Questions
Financial Questions
Descriptive Questions
Financial & Accounting Questions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Master financial calculations and reporting
-Prepare financial
-Interpret and apply financial data to solve problems

- Solve past paper financial questions in groups
-Peer review and teacher marking of solutions

Past papers with financial questions, marking schemes
Sample answers, past papers, marking schemes
Past Paper 2 exams, marking schemes, financial statement examples
Past Paper 1 exams, marking schemes
Past Paper 1 exams, topic summaries, marking schemes

Business Studies KLB Paper 1, KLB Bk 1-4, Students notes