Statistical Methods

Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse and interpret statistical data
Present statistical data using appropriate methods
Highlight steps followed when constructing compound/cumulative bar graphs
Find totals and cumulative totals for data

Q/A to review basic statistical concepts and simple bar graphs; Exposition of steps followed when constructing compound bar graphs; Guided activity using Table 1.1 crop production data; Practice finding cumulative totals and suitable scales

Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 1-3

Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find suitable scale by considering largest and smallest values
Draw outline of each bar with components
Derive comprehensive key and label axes
Insert short and clear title

Exposition of scale selection and construction techniques; Drawing of compound bar graphs with proper shading; Detailed discussion on labeling and titling; Analysis of Fig. 1.1; Practice construction using Table 1.2 Kenya's export crops data

Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages
Proportional Circles - Construction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Interpret compound/cumulative bar graphs
State advantages and disadvantages of compound/cumulative bar graphs
Comment on trend of each variable
Suggest possible reasons to explain trends

Probing questions and brief discussion on interpretation; Analysis of trends in agricultural production; Exposition of advantages: different variables on one bar, clear totals, clear comparisons; Discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, false impressions, interpretation difficulties

Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets
Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-4

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis
Simple Pie Charts - Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square roots of each set of data
Choose suitable scale for calculating radii
Draw circles using different radii
Make observations about highest and lowest output
Systematically convert each component as percentage of whole
Convert percentage into degrees (360° = 100%)
Draw circle of convenient size using compass
Measure and draw calculated angles using protractor

Guided discovery of area method using square roots; Calculations using Table 1.6 square root values; Construction practice with area proportional method; Analysis of Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3; Discussion of production trends from 2015-2018
Students determine value of angles for the variables; Exposition of conversion from raw data to percentages to degrees; Guided practical activity using land use example; Practice measuring angles starting with largest segment clockwise; Brief discussion on proper labeling and shading

Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data
Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 4-6
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 5-7

Statistical Methods

Proportional Divided Circles - Construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square root of totals for each set of data
Find suitable scale for radii of circles
Calculate percentages and angles as in simple pie charts
Draw circles using scale and insert details

Exposition of proportional divided circles concept; Detailed discussion using Table 1.9 mortality data; Step-by-step calculation of square roots and radii; Construction of multiple circles for countries X, Y, Z; Practice with proper segmentation and consistent shading

Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 6-9

Statistical Methods

Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Establish contribution of variable in percentage
Identify circles representing total values
Describe nature of variables in segments
Compare circle sizes and segment proportions

Analysis of Fig. 1.4 land use pie chart; Detailed discussion of Fig. 1.5 proportional divided circles; Practice establishing percentage contributions; Oral questions and brief discussion on HIV/AIDS as leading cause; Group work analyzing different pie charts

Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 7-9

Statistical Methods

Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of each statistical method
Identify disadvantages and limitations
Compare different methods of data presentation
Evaluate when to use each method appropriately

Brain storming on advantages of each method; Detailed discussion of disadvantages: tedious calculations, time-consuming construction, difficulty with small values; Comparison of visual impressions and data types; Q/A on appropriate method selection

Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 2-10

Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13

Map Work

Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify landforms using contours, conventional signs and names
Describe dissected relief using crooked and irregular contours
Identify rolling landform characteristics
Interpret relief patterns from topographical maps

Study the map before looking at the key; Exposition of dissected relief characteristics; Analysis of Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2; Practice identifying crooked contours and undulating relief; Guided interpretation of landform patterns

Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 12-14

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify interlocking and truncated spurs using contour patterns
Distinguish between passes and saddles using transport lines
Recognize ridges, escarpments and plateaus
Identify water-related features like peninsulas, bays and watersheds

Exposition of spurs using Figures 2.7(a), (b); Analysis of passes and saddles using Figure 2.8; Study of ridges, escarpments and plateaus using Figures 2.9, 2.10, 2.11; Explanation of water features and watersheds using Figure 2.12

Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 17-22

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify all drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel
Suggest geological conditions for each drainage pattern
Recognize lakes, swamps, waterfalls and artificial hydrographic features
Use water features to interpret climate and geological conditions

Detailed discussion of all drainage patterns using Figures 2.15-2.21; Analysis of tributary junction angles and geological implications; Study of Figure 2.22 showing artificial features; Practice identifying patterns and making geological interpretations

Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 22-25

Map Work

Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use drainage, vegetation and human activities evidence to interpret climate
Identify agricultural activities through plantation symbols and processing facilities
Recognize mining, forestry and fishing activities using appropriate evidence
Distinguish between small scale and large scale farming indicators

Discussion of climate interpretation using map evidence; Analysis of plantation farming symbols and estate names; Study of mining evidence: symbols, processing plants; Identification of forestry through saw-mills and forest reserves; Recognition of fishing through facilities and co-operatives

Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 25-28

Map Work

Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use drainage, vegetation and human activities evidence to interpret climate
Identify agricultural activities through plantation symbols and processing facilities
Recognize mining, forestry and fishing activities using appropriate evidence
Distinguish between small scale and large scale farming indicators

Discussion of climate interpretation using map evidence; Analysis of plantation farming symbols and estate names; Study of mining evidence: symbols, processing plants; Identification of forestry through saw-mills and forest reserves; Recognition of fishing through facilities and co-operatives

Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 25-28

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work

Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement patterns
Distinguish between site and position of settlements
Enlarge maps using squares method and determine new dimensions
Reduce maps following same procedures with appropriate scale changes

Analysis of settlement patterns using Figures 2.25(b)-(d); Discussion of settlement site vs position concepts; Demonstration of enlargement procedures using Table 2.1 and Figures 2.26(a), (b); Practice calculating new frame sizes and plotting features accurately

Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 29-34

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

Map Work

Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate vertical exaggeration as ratio of horizontal to vertical scale
Determine appropriate exaggeration using relief amplitude guidelines
Calculate gradient using normal and trigonometric ratios
Determine intervisibility by drawing cross-sections and calculating gradients

Exposition of vertical exaggeration calculation using Table 2.2 guidelines; Demonstration of gradient calculation using Figure 2.30 with both methods; Analysis of intervisibility using Figure 2.31; Practice calculating line of sight and identifying dead ground areas

Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 36-39