SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Introduction and Cash Receipts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define source documents; Explain importance of source documents; Describe features of cash receipts; Distinguish between cash and cheque payments

Q/A on business transactions; Discussion on documentary evidence; Examination of cash receipt samples; Practical exercise filling cash receipts

Sample receipts, cash register examples, receipt books

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 1-3

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Invoice
Debit Note and Credit Note
Payment Voucher and Introduction to Books of Original Entry
Sales Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details of an invoice; Identify all components of an invoice; Explain terms like E&OE, trade discount, cash discount; Calculate discount amounts

Detailed examination of sample invoice; Analysis of invoice components; Practical calculation of trade and cash discounts; Group discussion on invoice terms

Sample invoices, calculators, discount calculation worksheets
Sample debit notes, credit notes (red colored), comparison charts
Payment vouchers, petty cash vouchers, chart of all books of original entry
Sales invoices, sales journal format, sample credit sales transactions

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 3-4

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Sales Journal
Sales Returns Journal and Posting
Purchases Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Transfer entries from sales journal to ledgers; Post individual amounts to debtors accounts; Post total to sales account; Use proper folio references

Demonstration of complete posting process; Practical exercise posting to sales ledger and general ledger; Discussion on double entry completion

Sales journal, sales ledger accounts, general ledger format, posting examples
Credit notes issued, sales returns journal format, ledger accounts
Purchase invoices, purchases journal format, sample credit purchase transactions

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 8-12

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Posting from Purchases Journal
Purchases Returns Journal and Posting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Post individual amounts to creditors accounts; Post total to purchases account; Complete double entry from purchases journal; Use ledger folio references

Demonstration of posting to purchases ledger; Posting total to general ledger; Practical posting exercise; Review of double entry concept

Purchases journal, purchases ledger, general ledger accounts
Credit notes received, purchases returns journal format, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 14-16

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Receipts Journal
Posting from Cash Receipts Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash receipts journal; Record cash and cheque receipts; Include discount allowed column; Distinguish receipt sources

Introduction to cash receipts journal format; Recording various types of receipts; Practical exercise with cash sales and debtor payments; Discussion on discount columns

Cash receipts journal format, sample receipts, cash sales data
Cash receipts journal, cash book format, general ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Page 19

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Cash Payments Journal and Posting
The Petty Cash Book - Imprest System

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare cash payments journal; Record cash and cheque payments; Include discount received column; Post to relevant ledger accounts

Preparation of cash payments journal using payment data; Complete posting exercise to cash book and ledgers; Discussion on discount received

Cash payments journal format, payment vouchers, receipts, ledger accounts
Petty cash book format, sample petty cash vouchers, imprest system examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 22-25

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Petty Cash Book Preparation and Analysis
Posting from Petty Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare petty cash book with analysis columns; Record petty cash transactions; Balance petty cash book; Apply imprest system practically

Step-by-step preparation of petty cash book; Practical exercise with analysis columns; Balancing and reimbursement calculations; Group work on petty cash scenarios

Petty cash transactions, analysis cash book format, calculator, petty cash vouchers
Petty cash book, general ledger accounts, purchases ledger

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 25-30

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

Analysis Cash Book

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record transactions in analysis cash book; Use analysis columns for receipts and payments; Apply to non-profit organizations; Post analysis totals

Preparation of analysis cash book for organizations; Discussion on analysis column selection; Practical exercise for football club; Posting totals to accounts

Analysis cash book format, sample transactions for club/society, ledger accounts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 31-35

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

General Journal - Introduction and Fixed Assets
General Journal - Opening Entries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define general journal; Identify transactions for journal proper; Record purchase and sale of fixed assets on credit; Write appropriate narrations

Introduction to general journal concept; Recording fixed asset transactions; Practical exercises on asset purchases and sales; Discussion on narration writing

General journal format, fixed asset transaction examples, calculator for gains/losses
Opening balance data, general journal format, calculator

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 35-37

SOURCE DOCUMENTS & BOOKS OF ORIGINAL ENTRY

General Journal - Closing Entries and Error Corrections
Importance of Journals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Record closing entries and transfers; Correct errors through journal entries; Record miscellaneous transactions; Understand when to use general journal

Practice with closing entries; Error correction exercises; Discussion on transfer entries; Review of general journal applications

Sample closing entries, error correction scenarios, transfer examples
Discussion prompts, case study materials, summary charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 39-40

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Introduction and Trading Period Concept
Determination of Profit or Loss
Cost of Goods Sold Calculations
Complex Profit and Loss Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain concept of trading period; Define accounting period; Distinguish between different period lengths; Give examples of financial statements

Q/A on business performance measurement; Discussion on why businesses need to measure profits; Brainstorming on different accounting periods; Introduction to final accounts

Charts showing different accounting periods, sample financial statements
Calculators, simple profit calculation worksheets, examples from textbook
Calculators, cost of goods sold worksheets, stock calculation examples
Advanced calculation worksheets, complex business scenarios, group work materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 53-54

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Introduction to Trading Account
Trading Account Preparation - Basic
Trading Account with Adjustments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define trading account; Identify components of trading account; Explain purpose of trading account; Prepare simple trading accounts

Introduction to trading account format; Demonstration using Mrs Matendo's data; Step-by-step preparation of trading account; Practice with simple examples

Trading account format sheets, demonstration materials, simple examples
Trading account formats, practical examples, balancing demonstrations
Comprehensive trading account formats, advanced examples, adjustment worksheets

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 56-57

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Importance and Applications of Trading Account
Net Profit and Net Loss Concepts
Revenue and Expense Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance of trading account; Identify management uses; Compare business performance; Analyze gross profit trends

Discussion on trading account benefits; Case studies on business decision making; Analysis of gross profit variations; Group presentations on importance

Case study materials, performance comparison charts, presentation guidelines
Net profit calculation sheets, revenue and expense examples, comparison charts
Classification worksheets, trial balance examples, group exercise materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 58-60

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Profit and Loss Account Preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare profit and loss accounts; Transfer gross profit correctly; Include all revenues and expenses; Balance the account properly

Step-by-step preparation using Tabitha Akinyi's data; Demonstration of proper format; Practice with Salim's example; Individual preparation exercises

Profit and loss account formats, demonstration materials, practice examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 62-63

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Profit and Loss Account from Trial Balance
Combined Trading and Profit & Loss Account

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare profit and loss account from trial balance; Identify relevant items from trial balance; Calculate net profit or loss; Handle complex trial balances

Using Maneno's trial balance example; Step-by-step extraction of relevant items; Practice with complex trial balances; Error detection exercises

Trial balance examples, extraction worksheets, complex scenarios
Complete final account formats, comprehensive examples, practice materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 63-64

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Importance of Profit and Loss Account
Balance Sheet Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain importance to various stakeholders; Understand management uses; Identify creditor and investor interests; Analyze decision-making applications

Discussion on stakeholder needs; Case studies on business decisions; Role-play exercise with different stakeholders; Analysis of real business scenarios

Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, role-play guidelines
Balance sheet formats, accounting equation demonstrations, basic examples

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 61-62

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Balance Sheet Preparation
Types of Capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare balance sheet from trial balance; Make adjustments for net profit and drawings; Apply proper balance sheet format; Ensure balancing totals

Practical preparation using Kipande Traders; Step-by-step balance sheet construction; Adjustments for profit and drawings; Balancing exercises

Balance sheet preparation sheets, adjustment examples, balancing demonstrations
Capital calculation worksheets, Upinde Traders example, calculation exercises

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 66-67

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Capital Calculations and Applications
Introduction to Financial Ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate working capital and capital employed; Apply different calculation methods; Understand relationships between capital types; Practice with complex examples

Advanced capital calculations; Multiple calculation methods; Practice with various business scenarios; Problem-solving exercises

Advanced calculation sheets, multiple scenarios, problem-solving materials
Ratio calculation sheets, mark-up examples, pricing strategy materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 67-69

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Mark-up Calculations and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate mark-up using various methods; Apply mark-up to determine selling prices; Use mark-up in trading account preparation; Solve practical problems

Advanced mark-up calculations; Using Kiambu Traders example; Practical applications in pricing; Problem-solving exercises

Mark-up calculation worksheets, Kiambu Traders example, pricing problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 69-72

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Margin Concept and Calculations
Relationship Between Mark-up and Margin

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define margin; Distinguish between mark-up and margin; Calculate margin using different methods; Apply margin in business decisions

Introduction to margin concept; Comparison with mark-up; Practical calculations; Using Waithera's example for margin applications

Margin calculation sheets, comparison charts, Waithera's example
Conversion formula sheets, mathematical examples, complex problems

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 71-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Trading Account Preparation Using Ratios
Current Ratio and Working Capital Ratio

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use mark-up to prepare trading accounts; Apply margin in account preparation; Handle incomplete records; Solve complex scenarios

Practical preparation using mark-up and margin; Incomplete records scenarios; Advanced problem-solving; Individual and group exercises

Trading account formats, incomplete record examples, complex scenarios
Ratio calculation sheets, Busia Traders example, interpretation guides

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 72-74

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Rate of Stock Turnover
Stock Turnover Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define stock turnover; Calculate rate of stock turnover; Interpret turnover results; Apply in trading account preparation

Explanation of stock turnover concept; Calculations using Upendo Traders; Practical applications; Using turnover for incomplete records

Stock turnover worksheets, Upendo Traders example, practical applications
Advanced application sheets, Maendeleo Traders example, complex scenarios

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 76-78

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Return on Capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define return on capital; Calculate return on capital; Interpret results for decision making; Compare business performance

Introduction to profitability ratios; Calculations using Mr Odiek's example; Performance comparison methods; Investment decision applications

Return calculation sheets, Mr Odiek's example, comparison materials

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 78-79

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MONEY & BANKING

Acid Test and Quick Ratio
Importance of Financial Ratios
Introduction, Barter Trade and its Limitations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define acid test ratio; Calculate quick ratio; Distinguish from current ratio; Interpret liquidity position

Explanation of acid test concept; Calculations using Nakura Stores; Comparison with current ratio; Liquidity analysis

Quick ratio worksheets, Nakura Stores example, liquidity analysis materials
Stakeholder analysis sheets, case study materials, presentation guidelines
Real exchange items, Problem scenario cards, Case study materials, Charts

KLB Secondary Business Studies Form 4, Pages 79-80

MONEY & BANKING

Money System and Characteristics of Money
Functions of Money
Demand for Money and Supply of Money
Banking System and Development of Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define money as medium of exchange. Explain evolution from barter to money. Identify and explain all characteristics of money (acceptability, divisibility, portability, durability, stability, homogeneity, cognisability, scarcity, malleability).

Exposition of money evolution. Hands-on examination of currency samples. Testing recognition of genuine vs fake money. Practical demonstration of money characteristics. Group analysis of characteristic importance.

Different currencies, Genuine and sample notes, Magnifying glass, Regional currency samples
Goods for trading, Price tags, Recording sheets, Savings scenarios, Property document samples
Budget sheets, Emergency scenarios, Investment charts, Money supply statistics, Central Bank reports
Banking system charts, Historical timeline materials, Bank category lists, Banking evolution charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 93-95

MONEY & BANKING

Commercial Banks and Their Services
Commercial Bank Services and Foreign Exchange
Types of Bank Accounts - Current and Savings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define commercial banks and their profit methods. Explain accepting deposits, lending money, and safekeeping services. Detail money transfer facilities including standing orders and telegraphic transfers.

Mock bank operation setup. Deposit and withdrawal simulations. Practical money transfer exercises. Standing order setup simulation. Safety deposit demonstration.

Mock bank materials, Deposit slips, Transfer forms, Safety boxes, Play money, Standing order cards
Exchange rate charts, Advisory scenario cards, Trustee examples, Guarantor forms, Intermediary flow charts
Account opening forms, Cheque books, ATM cards, Interest calculation sheets, Comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 100-103

MONEY & BANKING

Fixed Deposit Accounts and Account Opening Requirements
Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define fixed deposit accounts and their features. Calculate returns on fixed deposits. Identify requirements for opening all types of accounts. Practice account opening procedures.

Fixed deposit investment scenarios. Return calculation exercises. Mock account opening procedures. Document verification exercises. Form filling practice. Certificate examination.

Investment scenarios, Calculation sheets, Account forms, ID documents, Photographs, Certificate samples
NBFI information sheets, SACCO materials, Insurance policies, Housing finance examples, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 109-111

MONEY & BANKING

Micro-Finance, Agricultural Finance and Differences with Commercial Banks
Central Bank Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain micro-finance and agricultural finance operations. Compare NBFIs with commercial banks in terms of services, target markets, and operations. Analyze their complementary roles.

Micro-finance loan simulation. Agricultural project financing exercises. Comparison table creation. Case study analysis of differences. Group discussions on operational contrasts.

Loan application forms, Agricultural projects, Comparison charts, Case studies, Analysis sheets
Central Bank charts, Currency samples, Inter-bank forms, Government forms, Supervision checklists, Clearing examples

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 111-113

MONEY & BANKING

Monetary Policy Tools
Modern Banking Trends

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monetary policy and its objectives. Explain bank rate, open market operations, cash/liquidity ratio, compulsory deposits, selective credit controls, directives and moral suasion. Demonstrate how these tools control money supply.

Monetary policy simulation exercises. Interest rate effect analysis. Securities trading demonstrations. Cash ratio calculations. Credit control scenarios. Policy tool comparison activities.

Policy charts, Interest rate examples, Securities samples, Calculation sheets, Control scenarios, Comparison tables
ATM cards, Computer demonstrations, Modern banking examples, Technology comparison charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 115-117

MONEY & BANKING
INFLATION

Modern Banking Trends
Introduction to Inflation and Deflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain mobile banking, e-banking, and M-pesa services. Detail credit facilities evolution and customer care improvements. Analyze mobile banks and Pesa Point services. Assess banking accessibility improvements.

Mobile money demonstrations. E-banking simulations. Digital payment exercises. Credit application processes. Customer service role-plays. Mobile bank simulation.

Mobile phones, E-banking platforms, Digital payment examples, Credit forms, Service scenarios, Mobile bank materials
Price comparison charts from different years, Country inflation examples, Purchasing power calculation sheets, Real product price data

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 119-121

INFLATION

Consumer Price Index (CPI) Concepts
CPI Calculation - Simple Average Method
CPI Calculation - Weighted Average Method
Types of Inflation and Demand-Pull Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define Consumer Price Index and its purpose. Explain index numbers and their importance. Identify factors in CPI construction: basket selection, base period, price data. Understand CPI as inflation measurement tool.

Analysis of typical consumer basket of goods. Selection of base year with stable prices. Price data collection simulation. Discussion on representativeness of basket items. Index number concept demonstration.

Sample consumer baskets, Base year price data, Price collection sheets, Index calculation examples, Consumer survey materials
Price data for multiple commodities, Calculation worksheets, Calculators, CPI formula charts, Practice problem sets
Family budget examples, Weight assignment sheets, Weighted calculation templates, Comparison tables, Advanced calculation problems
Market simulation materials, Government spending examples, Money supply charts, Income increase scenarios, Demand-pull diagrams

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 144-146

INFLATION

More Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push Inflation and Its Causes
More Cost-Push Causes and Subsidy Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain additional causes: general shortages, increased consumer expenditure, population growth effects. Analyze expectation-driven demand increases. Demonstrate how shortages pull prices upward.

Shortage simulation exercises creating artificial scarcity. Analysis of population growth impact on demand. Expectation-driven buying behavior case studies. Consumer expenditure pattern analysis and price impact.

Shortage simulation materials, Population growth data, Expectation scenario cards, Consumer expenditure charts, Supply-demand graphs
Production cost scenarios, Wage-price spiral charts, Tax impact examples, Import price data, Cost-push diagrams
Manufacturing cost examples, Subsidy impact data, Profit margin scenarios, Input cost charts, Comprehensive comparison tables

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 149-150

INFLATION

Levels of Inflation
Positive Effects of Inflation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between moderate, galloping, and hyper-inflation. Explain characteristics and percentage ranges. Analyze historical examples of different inflation levels. Assess economic impacts of each level.

Classification exercises using real country data. Historical case studies: Germany 1923 hyper-inflation. Moderate inflation benefits analysis. Comparison of inflation levels and their economic effects.

Historical inflation data, Germany 1923 case study, Country comparison charts, Inflation level classification sheets
Debtor-creditor scenarios, Profit calculation sheets, Work motivation examples, Resource utilization cases, Real vs nominal value charts

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 152-153

INFLATION

Negative Effects of Inflation
More Negative Effects and Economic Impact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reduction in profits due to decreased sales volume. Analyze time wastage in price shopping. Demonstrate conflicts between employers and employees. Show decline in living standards.

Sales volume decline simulation during price increases. Time cost analysis of shopping around for prices. Employer-employee wage negotiation role-plays. Living standard decline calculations with fixed incomes.

Sales simulation materials, Time cost analysis sheets, Role-play scenarios, Living standard calculation examples, Wage negotiation materials
Creditor loss examples, Economic growth data, Balance of payments charts, Monetary confidence indicators, Savings impact studies

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 154-155

INFLATION

Controlling Inflation - Monetary Policy Tools
More Monetary Policy Tools and Fiscal Policy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define monetary policy for inflation control. Explain Central Bank tools: bank rate increases, open market operations. Demonstrate cash ratio and compulsory deposits effects.

Monetary policy simulation with Central Bank role-play. Interest rate impact exercises on borrowing and spending. Open market operations demonstrations. Cash ratio calculation and credit impact analysis.

Central Bank simulation materials, Interest rate impact charts, Securities trading examples, Cash ratio calculation sheets
Credit control scenarios, Directive examples, Government spending data, Tax policy impact charts, Fiscal policy simulation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 156-157

INFLATION

Fiscal Policy Measures and Production Solutions
Statutory Measures for Inflation Control
Export Controls and Comprehensive Control Strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain reducing taxes on production to control cost-push inflation. Demonstrate subsidizing production effects. Show government production of scarce commodities. Analyze comprehensive fiscal policy approaches.

Production tax reduction impact analysis. Subsidy effect calculations on final prices. Government production case studies. Comprehensive fiscal policy design exercises for inflation control.

Production tax examples, Subsidy calculation sheets, Government production cases, Policy design templates, Impact analysis charts
Wage control examples, Price control policies, Import restriction data, Credit control scenarios, Policy implementation cases
Export control examples, Multi-strategy templates, Historical effectiveness data, Strategy design sheets, Presentation materials

KLB Secondary Business Form 4, Pages 157-158