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| WK | LSN | TOPIC | SUB-TOPIC | OBJECTIVES | T/L ACTIVITIES | T/L AIDS | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Opening and revision |
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| 2 | 3 |
VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.
|
Vegetation in Kenya.
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe forest, vegetation & savanna vegetation in Kenya. |
Q/A and discussion.
|
|
KLB
GEOGRAPHY BOOK PAGES 104-105 |
|
| 2 | 4 |
VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.
|
Mountain vegetation.
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Outline types of mountain vegetation. State characteristics of various types of mountain vegetation. Identify locations of mountain vegetation. State uses of mountain vegetation. |
Q/A & elaborate discussion.
|
|
KLB
GEOGRAPHY BOOK PAGES 105-122 |
|
| 2 | 5 |
VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.
|
Field work on vegetation.
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Carry out a fieldwork on vegetation. |
Q/A: review the procedures followed in carrying out a field study.
Carry out the field study on vegetation. |
|
KLB
GEOGRAPHY BOOK PAGES 123-124 |
|
| 3 | 1 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Introduction and Definition of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define weathering as process of rock breakdown in situ Explain denudation as collective term for external processes Distinguish between weathering and other external processes Identify weathering agents: heat, water, dissolved substances, plants and animals |
Q/A session reviewing internal land forming processes from Form Two; Exposition of denudation concept and external processes; Definition of weathering and regolith formation; Discussion of weathering agents and their effects on rocks
|
Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 41-42
|
|
| 3 | 2 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Introduction and Definition of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define weathering as process of rock breakdown in situ Explain denudation as collective term for external processes Distinguish between weathering and other external processes Identify weathering agents: heat, water, dissolved substances, plants and animals |
Q/A session reviewing internal land forming processes from Form Two; Exposition of denudation concept and external processes; Definition of weathering and regolith formation; Discussion of weathering agents and their effects on rocks
|
Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 41-42
|
|
| 3 | 3 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Agents of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes |
Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects
|
Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44
|
|
| 3 | 4 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Agents of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain how heat acts as weathering agent through temperature fluctuations Describe water as weathering agent including dissociation into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions Identify role of dissolved substances in increasing weathering ability Analyze how plants and animals contribute to weathering processes |
Detailed discussion of heat effects on rock surfaces and permafrost formation; Explanation of water dissociation and carbonic acid formation; Study of dissolved substances: pollutants, sulphur dioxide, organic compounds; Analysis of plant root penetration and animal burrowing effects
|
Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 42-44
|
|
| 3 | 5 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Factors Influencing Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain how climate elements influence weathering rates Analyze role of plants and animals in weathering processes Describe how relief affects weathering on different slopes Examine chemical composition effects: color differences and mineral composition |
Brain storming on weathering factors; Discussion of climatic elements: sunshine, rain, frost, temperatures; Analysis of plant and animal contributions; Study of relief influence on weathering rates; Examination of rock color absorption and mineral composition effects
|
Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 44-45
|
|
| 4 | 1 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes Identify areas where physical weathering is common |
Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas
|
Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47
|
|
| 4 | 2 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes Identify areas where physical weathering is common |
Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas
|
Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47
|
|
| 4 | 3 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes Identify areas where physical weathering is common |
Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas
|
Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47
|
|
| 4 | 4 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces Identify formation of exfoliation domes Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes |
Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5
|
Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48
|
|
| 4 | 5 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe block disintegration through temperature changes and diurnal ranges Explain exfoliation as peeling off of rock surfaces Identify formation of exfoliation domes Analyze conditions leading to these weathering processes |
Detailed discussion of block disintegration using Figure 3.3; Analysis of desert temperature conditions and rock expansion/contraction; Study of exfoliation process using Figure 3.4; Examination of exfoliation dome formation using Figure 3.5
|
Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 47-48
|
|
| 5 | 1 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation |
Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge
|
Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50
|
|
| 5 | 2 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation |
Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge
|
Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50
|
|
| 5 | 3 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation |
Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge
|
Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50
|
|
| 5 | 4 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks |
Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore
|
Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51
|
|
| 5 | 5 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Describe slaking as water uptake and loss in clay-containing rocks Explain pressure release or unloading in exposed rocks Identify areas experiencing these weathering processes Analyze sheeting effects in granitic rocks |
Discussion of slaking process in clay rocks during wet and dry seasons; Analysis of coastal Jurassic rocks examples: Miritini, Tudor, Port Reitz; Explanation of pressure release as denudation removes overlying rocks; Study of sheeting in granitic areas: Nyika plateau, Machakos, Maragoli, Bunyore
|
Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 50-51
|
|
| 6 | 1 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define chemical weathering as actual decay involving chemical reactions Explain solution affecting rocks with soluble minerals Describe hydrolysis as major process in feldspar decay Analyze chemical equations and products of hydrolysis |
Exposition of chemical weathering in humid climates; Discussion of solution process and salt pan formation; Detailed analysis of hydrolysis chemical equation; Study of feldspar breakdown products: clay minerals, potassium carbonate, silica; Examples from North Eastern Kenya, Etosha Pan, Makgadikgadi
|
Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 51-53
|
|
| 6 | 2 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Define chemical weathering as actual decay involving chemical reactions Explain solution affecting rocks with soluble minerals Describe hydrolysis as major process in feldspar decay Analyze chemical equations and products of hydrolysis |
Exposition of chemical weathering in humid climates; Discussion of solution process and salt pan formation; Detailed analysis of hydrolysis chemical equation; Study of feldspar breakdown products: clay minerals, potassium carbonate, silica; Examples from North Eastern Kenya, Etosha Pan, Makgadikgadi
|
Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 51-53
|
|
| 6 | 3 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes |
Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi
|
Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56
|
|
| 6 | 4 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes |
Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi
|
Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56
|
|
| 6 | 5 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify formation of tors through deep weathering processes Explain biological weathering through plant action Describe animal contributions to weathering Analyze human activities causing weathering |
Analysis of tor formation using Figure 3.9; Study of examples: Bunyore, Maragoli, Amukura, Taita Hills, Lukenya, Mavoloni; Detailed discussion of tree root action using Figure 3.10; Examination of plant chemical contributions: algae, mosses, lichen; Analysis of animal effects: cattle pressure, burrowing, chemical excretions
|
Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 56-58
|
|
| 7 | 1 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics |
Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects
|
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60
|
|
| 7 | 2 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics |
Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects
|
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60
|
|
| 7 | 3 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics |
Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects
|
Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60
|
|
| 7 | 4 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries Identify weathering creating tourist attractions Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay |
Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks
|
Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61
|
|
| 7 | 4-5 |
External Land Forming Processes
|
Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance
|
By the end of the
lesson, the learner
should be able to:
Explain weathering importance in soil formation processes Describe weathering role in quarrying and construction industries Identify weathering creating tourist attractions Analyze economic products from weathering: bauxite, kaolite, clay |
Exposition of weathering as initial stage in soil formation; Discussion of quarrying importance for building and construction; Analysis of tourist attractions: Kit Mikayi, Crying Stone using Figure 3.12; Study of economic products: bauxite from hydrolysis, kaolite from granite rotting, clay for pottery and bricks
|
Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples
|
Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 60-61
|
|
| 8-10 |
Exams and closing |
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