FORESTRY

Natural and planted forests.
Types of natural forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.
Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 126

FORESTRY

Importance of forests and forests? products.
Problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Management and conservation of forests.
Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify importance of forests and forests? products.

Q/A & discussion: economic, environmental, cultural values of forests.

Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Map ? location of Canada.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 129

Statistical Methods

Introduction and Compound Bar Graphs
Compound Bar Graphs - Analysis and Construction Practice
Compound Bar Graphs - Interpretation and Advantages/Disadvantages
Proportional Circles - Construction Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse and interpret statistical data
Present statistical data using appropriate methods
Highlight steps followed when constructing compound/cumulative bar graphs
Find totals and cumulative totals for data

Q/A to review basic statistical concepts and simple bar graphs; Exposition of steps followed when constructing compound bar graphs; Guided activity using Table 1.1 crop production data; Practice finding cumulative totals and suitable scales

Graph paper, Rulers, Calculators, Table 1.1 crop production data
Colored pencils for shading, Construction materials, Table 1.2 data
Previously constructed graphs, Analysis worksheets
Calculators, Compasses, Table 1.3 sugar production data, Plain paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 1-3

Statistical Methods

Proportional Circles - Area Method and Analysis
Simple Pie Charts - Construction
Proportional Divided Circles - Construction
Pie Charts - Analysis and Interpretation
Advantages and Disadvantages of All Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Find square roots of each set of data
Choose suitable scale for calculating radii
Draw circles using different radii
Make observations about highest and lowest output

Guided discovery of area method using square roots; Calculations using Table 1.6 square root values; Construction practice with area proportional method; Analysis of Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3; Discussion of production trends from 2015-2018

Square root tables, Construction materials, Table 1.6 data
Protractors, Compasses, Land use data example, Colored pencils
Table 1.9 mortality data, Square root tables, Construction materials
Constructed pie charts, Fig. 1.4 and Fig. 1.5 references, Analysis guidelines
Comparison charts, Various sample statistical presentations, Method evaluation criteria

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 4-6

Map Work

Introduction and Precautions in Map Reading
Landforms - Dissected and Rolling Relief

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe physical features on topographical maps
Identify and describe human activities on topographical maps
Outline precautions observed when describing physical features and human activities
Use appropriate phrases when reading maps

Q/A session reviewing maps and mapwork from Forms 1 and 2; Exposition of precautions when describing physical and human features; Discussion on appropriate and inappropriate phrases; Practice using correct directional terms instead of "left", "right", "top", "bottom"

Topographical maps, Sample phrases worksheet, Compass directions chart
Topographical maps showing different relief types, Figure 2.1 and 2.2 from textbook, Tracing paper

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 11-13

Map Work

Hilly/Mountainous Relief, Valleys and Slope Types
Spurs, Passes, Saddles, Ridges and Major Landforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify hilly or mountainous relief characteristics
Recognize V-shaped valleys and U-shaped contours
Determine nature of slope using contour patterns, spacing and height
Distinguish between even, convex and concave slopes

Detailed discussion on hilly/mountainous relief using Figure 2.3(a); Study of valley formation using Figure 2.3(b); Explanation of slope types using Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6; Practice identifying slope characteristics and intervisibility

Figures 2.3(a), (b), 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, Examples from Kisii Highlands, Sample topographical maps with various slopes
Figures 2.7-2.12, Examples of Marich Pass, Kikuyu Plateau, Uyoma Peninsula, Topographical maps showing landforms

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 14-17

Map Work

Vegetation and Natural Hydrographic Features
Drainage Patterns and Other Water Features
Climate Interpretation and Economic Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify vegetation types and symbols on topographical maps
Distinguish between perennial, intermittent and disappearing rivers
Recognize natural hydrographic features using appropriate symbols
Describe vegetation distribution and suggest influencing factors

Study of Figure 2.13 vegetation key and symbols; Analysis of Figure 2.14(a), (b), (c) showing different river types; Practice identifying vegetation distribution patterns; Discussion of factors causing different river types and vegetation patterns

Figure 2.13 vegetation key, Figures 2.14(a)-(c), Maps showing vegetation and rivers, Symbol identification charts
Figures 2.15-2.22, Sample maps with different drainage patterns, Pattern identification worksheets, Artificial features examples
Climate interpretation guidelines, Maps showing agricultural and mining areas, Processing facility examples, Economic activity symbols chart

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 19-22

Map Work

Manufacturing, Services, Transport and Settlement Factors
Settlement Patterns and Map Enlargement/Reduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify manufacturing through processing plants and factories
Recognize service activities and tourism facilities
Identify transport modes: land, air and water transport
Analyze factors influencing settlement: water, defence, health, soils, drainage, transport, relief

Study of manufacturing indicators: mills, ginneries, factories; Analysis of service evidence: shops, markets, communication facilities; Recognition of transport evidence: roads, railways, airstrips; Detailed discussion of settlement factors using Figures 2.23(a), (b) and 2.24

Manufacturing symbols, Service facility examples, Transport mode indicators, Figures 2.23(a), (b), 2.24, Settlement factor analysis worksheets
Figures 2.25(b)-(d), Table 2.1, Figures 2.26(a), (b), Graph paper, Rulers, Sample maps for enlargement practice

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 28-31

Map Work

Drawing Cross-Sections and Profiles
Vertical Exaggeration, Gradient and Intervisibility

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw cross-sections using proper steps and procedures
Calculate amplitude of relief and determine vertical scales
Plot heights accurately and draw smooth curves
Annotate cross-sections with appropriate labels using downward facing arrows

Step-by-step demonstration of cross-section construction using Figure 2.29; Practice calculating amplitude and selecting appropriate scales; Guided construction of cross-sections with proper plotting techniques; Training on annotation methods with downward arrows only

Figure 2.29 cross-section example, Graph paper, Strip paper for plotting, Rulers and pencils, Sample topographical maps for practice
Table 2.2 interpretation guide, Figure 2.30 gradient example, Figure 2.31 intervisibility, Calculators, Logarithm tables

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 34-36

External Land Forming Processes

Introduction and Definition of Weathering
Agents of Weathering
Factors Influencing Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define weathering as process of rock breakdown in situ
Explain denudation as collective term for external processes
Distinguish between weathering and other external processes
Identify weathering agents: heat, water, dissolved substances, plants and animals

Q/A session reviewing internal land forming processes from Form Two; Exposition of denudation concept and external processes; Definition of weathering and regolith formation; Discussion of weathering agents and their effects on rocks

Charts showing external vs internal processes, Rock samples showing weathering effects, Diagrams of weathering agents
Rock samples, Temperature demonstration materials, Water pH testing materials, Examples of plant root damage to rocks
Climate charts, Relief diagrams, Rock samples of different colors and compositions, Examples from highland and lowland areas

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 41-42

External Land Forming Processes

Rock Structure, Texture and Physical Weathering Introduction
Physical Weathering Processes - Block Disintegration and Exfoliation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rock structure as mode of jointing and planes of weakness
Describe texture as crystal size and its weathering effects
Define mechanical weathering as disintegration without chemical changes
Identify areas where physical weathering is common

Exposition of rock structure using Figures 3.1(a), (b) showing spheroidal weathering; Discussion of jointing patterns and resulting weathering types; Analysis of crystal size effects on weathering rates; Introduction to mechanical weathering in vegetation-free areas

Figures 3.1(a), (b), Rock samples showing different crystal sizes, Examples from Bunyore, Seme Hills, Sang'alo areas
Figure 3.3 rock blocks, Figures 3.4 and 3.5 exfoliation examples, Temperature demonstration materials, Examples from desert regions

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 45-47

External Land Forming Processes

Physical Weathering - Granular Disintegration, Frost Action and Crystal Growth
Physical Weathering - Slaking and Pressure Release
Chemical Weathering Processes - Solution and Hydrolysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain granular disintegration in heterogeneous rocks
Describe freezing and thawing effects in tundra and mountain regions
Identify frost action results: congelifraction, scree, talus
Analyze crystal growth in dry climates leading to alveoli and taffoni formation

Exposition of granular disintegration using Figure 3.6; Detailed discussion of frost action using Figure 3.7; Analysis of congelifraction and angular fragment formation; Study of crystal growth and crystallisation processes; Examples from Mounts Kenya, Kilimanjaro, Rwenzori and Ol Njorowa Gorge

Figure 3.6 granular disintegration, Figure 3.7 frost action, Figure 3.8 Ol Njorowa Gorge, Examples from East African mountains
Examples from coastal Kenya, Granitic rock samples, Areas experiencing pressure release, Activity 3.4 practical demonstration
Chemical equation charts, Examples of salt pans, Rock samples containing feldspar, Areas showing hydrolysis: Wundanyi, Bunyore

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 48-50

External Land Forming Processes

Chemical Weathering - Oxidation, Carbonation and Hydration
Chemical Weathering Results and Biological Weathering

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain oxidation process in iron-containing rocks
Describe carbonation affecting calcium carbonate rocks
Analyze hydration as water absorption causing rock expansion
Identify areas and examples of these weathering processes

Study of oxidation chemical equation and ferric oxide formation; Analysis of carbonation process using chemical equation; Discussion of limestone dissolution and calcium bicarbonate formation; Explanation of hydration process and spheroidal weathering; Examples from coastal limestone areas: Kambe, Bamburi, Kilifi

Chemical equation demonstrations, Rock samples showing oxidation effects, Limestone samples, Examples of spheroidal weathering in basalt
Figure 3.9 tors examples, Figure 3.10 tree root action, Examples of biological weathering in local environment, Human activity examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-56

External Land Forming Processes

Biological Weathering - Human Activities and Significance of Weathering
Significance of Weathering and Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify human activities causing weathering: deforestation, blasting, industrialisation
Explain acid rain effects from industrial emissions
Analyze burning and irrigation contributions to weathering
Discuss significance of weathering in soil formation, construction, tourism and economics

Study of human weathering activities using Figure 3.11 quarrying; Discussion of industrialisation effects: Carbon IV Oxide, sulphur dioxide emissions; Analysis of acid rain formation and corrosive effects; Examples from Copper Belt Zambia, Webuye Kenya; Study of agricultural burning and irrigation effects

Figure 3.11 quarrying, Examples of industrial weathering, Acid rain demonstration materials, Local examples of human-induced weathering
Figure 3.12 Crying Stone of Kakamega, Examples of weathering tourist sites, Economic product samples, Engineering consideration examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 58-60

Mass Wasting

Introduction, Definition and Factors Influencing Mass Wasting
Slow Mass Wasting Processes
Rapid Mass Wasting - Earthflows, Mudflows and Avalanches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define mass wasting as downward movement of weathered material under gravity
Distinguish between mass wasting and mass movement
Explain factors influencing mass wasting: slope, material nature, climate, vegetation
Analyze crustal forces and human activities effects

Q/A session reviewing weathering from previous chapter; Exposition of mass wasting concept and gravity influence; Discussion of water's role in overcoming resistance; Brain storming on factors affecting movement: slope angle, rock types, climate effects, vegetation role, human activities

Charts showing gravity effects, Slope demonstrations, Rock samples, Climate charts, Examples of human activities
Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, Examples from mountains, Soil movement demonstrations, Cold climate examples
Figure 4.4 earthflows, Mudflow examples, Avalanche examples from temperate regions, Factor comparison charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 53-54

Mass Wasting

Landslides - Types and Characteristics
Effects of Mass Wasting on Physical and Human Environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain landslides as sudden movement with small water content
Describe slump as intermittent movement with backward rotation
Distinguish debris slide, debris fall, rock fall and rock slide characteristics
Analyze examples from Kenya and East Africa: Fort Portal, Limuru-Longonot, road cuttings

Introduction to landslide causes and triggering factors; Study of slump development using Figures 4.5 and 4.6; Analysis of debris movements and rock movements; Examination of Kenyan examples: Kabarnet-Iten, Mwatate-Wundanyi, Kaseve roads; Discussion of infrastructure impacts and geological plane movements

Figures 4.5, 4.6 slump examples, Road cutting examples, Rock samples, Examples from Uganda and Kenya
Figures 4.9, 4.10, Soil fertility examples, Disaster case studies, Environmental conservation examples

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 57-60

The Hydrological Cycle

Introduction and Definition
Input and Output Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define hydrological cycle as endless circulation of water from oceans to atmosphere to land
Explain role of sun as energy source driving the cycle
Identify components: inputs, outputs, transfers and storages
Describe hydrological cycle as complete balanced system

Q/A session using questions about water disappearance and return; Discussion of water circulation from sky to land to ocean; Exposition of hydrological cycle definition; Analysis of Figure 5.1 showing complete cycle; Study of system components and energy source

Figure 5.1 hydrological cycle diagram, Water circulation demonstrations, System component charts
Precipitation examples, Evaporation demonstration materials, Plant samples showing stomata, Factor analysis charts

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 63

The Hydrological Cycle
ACTION OF RIVERS
ACTION OF RIVERS

Internal Transfer Processes
Storage Processes and Significance
Definition of Terms Related to Rivers
River Erosion Processes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain interception as first contact of rain with vegetation
Describe runoff as overland flow when ground cannot absorb water
Define infiltration as vertical water absorption through soil pores
Distinguish percolation as movement through underlying rock layers

Study of interception storage and through fall processes; Analysis of surface storage and ground saturation; Discussion of runoff conditions and overland flow; Examination of infiltration capacity and factors; Study of percolation leading to underground water storage

Vegetation interception examples, Runoff demonstration materials, Soil infiltration samples, Percolation process diagrams
Water storage examples, Ground water table diagrams, Ice storage examples, Significance analysis charts
Maps of Kenya, river system charts, textbooks
Water containers, sand, rock samples, demonstration materials

Secondary Geography Form 3 Student's Book, Pages 65-66

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Transportation and Deposition
Youthful Stage Features
Mature Stage Features
Old Stage Features - Alluvial Fans and Flood Plains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transportation processes: solution, suspension, saltation, traction. Explain deposition factors and conditions.

Practical demonstration of transportation methods. Discussion of deposition conditions when river energy decreases. Group activity on load classification.

Containers, different sized particles, water, magnifying glasses
Clay/plasticine, topographical maps, pictures of waterfalls, drawing materials
Comparison charts, cross-section diagrams, colored pencils
Sand, water, modeling trays, maps showing flood plains, diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 72-73

ACTION OF RIVERS

Old Stage Features - Meanders and Ox-bow Lakes
Old Stage Features - Levees, Braided Channels, and Deferred Tributaries
Delta Formation and Types
River Profile Summary

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain meander formation through lateral erosion on concave banks. Describe ox-bow lake development from cut-off meanders.

Practical demonstration of meander formation using stream tables. Drawing meander development sequence leading to ox-bow lakes. Discussion of Kenyan examples.

Stream tables, sand, water, sequential diagrams, pictures of ox-bow lakes
Cross-section diagrams, aerial photographs, flood plain maps
Maps of river deltas, diagrams of delta types, aerial photographs
Large drawing paper, colored pencils, summary charts, profile diagrams

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 82-84

ACTION OF RIVERS

River Capture
River Rejuvenation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define river capture, pirate river, misfit river, elbow of capture, wind gap. Describe capture process and conditions. Explain Kenyan examples: Tiva-Galana and Sondu-Miriu captures.

Drawing river capture process step-by-step. Detailed case study of Kenyan river captures. Map analysis of capture sites and resultant features.

Maps of Kenya, capture process diagrams, case study materials
Rejuvenation feature diagrams, pictures of incised meanders, maps of coastal Kenya

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 85-86

ACTION OF RIVERS

Drainage Patterns
Drainage Systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify and describe dendritic, radial, centripetal, parallel, fault-guided, and trellis drainage patterns. Explain formation conditions and give Kenyan examples.

Drawing different drainage patterns. Analysis of Mt. Kenya radial drainage and Rift Valley centripetal patterns. Pattern recognition exercises.

Pattern diagrams, maps of Mt. Kenya and Rift Valley, colored pencils
Geological maps, drainage system diagrams, cross-sections

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 90-92

ACTION OF RIVERS
LAKES
LAKES

Significance of Rivers - Positive Effects
Significance of Rivers - Negative Effects and Water Conservation
Definition of a Lake
Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Rift Valley Lakes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain rivers' roles in water supply, irrigation, transport, HEP generation, port facilities, building materials, boundaries, fishing, tourism.

Discussion of urban water supplies from rivers. Analysis of HEP projects and irrigation schemes. Review of river-based economic activities.

Maps of water systems, pictures of dams and ports, economic activity charts
Pictures of floods, case study materials, Water Act summary
Chalkboard, textbooks, wall map of Kenya
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, wall map of East Africa

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 94-96

LAKES

Lakes Formed by Tectonic Movements - Downwarped Lakes
Lakes Formed by Volcanic Activity
Lakes Formed by Glaciation
Lakes Formed by River and Wave Deposition
Other Lake Types - Wind Erosion, Solution, and Human-made

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation through crustal warping and tilting. Describe Lakes Victoria and Kyoga formation during drainage evolution. Analyze back-tilted rivers (Kagera, Katonga, Kafa) contributing to lake formation.

Drawing crustal warping diagrams on chalkboard. Discussion of drainage reversal and back-tilting. Students draw formation sequence in notebooks.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Basin, clay/soil, water, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Pieces of chalk, water container, chalkboard, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 102-103

LAKES

Landslide and Meteorite Lakes
Lake Classification Summary and Regional Examples
Significance of Lakes - Economic Importance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe temporary lakes from landslide debris blocking rivers. Explain meteorite crater lakes from space impacts. Give examples including Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana.

Discussion of landslide lake formation and temporary nature. Simple demonstration of crater formation using sand and dropping stones. Brief IT integration: internet search for Lake Bosumtwi images if available.

Sand tray, small stones, chalkboard, internet access (if available)
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 109

LAKES
OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Significance of Lakes - Social and Environmental Benefits
Negative Effects of Lakes
Distinction Between Oceans and Seas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe lakes as tourist attractions and recreational facilities. Explain climate modification effects of large water bodies. Analyze lakes as sources of rivers and building materials.

Discussion of Lake Nakuru National Park and flamingo tourism. Analysis of Lake Victoria's influence on regional climate. Review of recreational activities (boating, sport fishing).

Chalkboard, chalk, textbooks, exercise books
Chalkboard, world map, atlas, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Page 111

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Nature of Ocean Water - Salinity and Temperature
Nature of Ocean Water - Ocean Life and Topography
Islands and Ocean Pollution
Water Movement - Vertical Movement
Water Movement - Ocean Currents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ocean water salinity and factors affecting it. Describe temperature variations in ocean water with depth and latitude. Identify salt content composition in oceans.

Discussion of ocean water composition and salinity measurement. Drawing temperature variation diagrams on chalkboard. Students copy salt content percentages in notebooks.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, thermometer for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas
Containers, warm and cold water, chalkboard, atlas
Chalkboard, chalk, globe, world map, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 114-117

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Major Ocean Currents
Tides - Formation and Causes
Types of Tides
Wave Formation and Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify characteristics and distribution of major world ocean currents. Give examples: Gulf Stream, Labrador, Kuroshio, California currents. Analyze current patterns in different ocean basins.

Discussion of major ocean currents with world map reference. Students create table of warm and cold currents. Analysis of current circulation patterns.

World map, atlas, chalkboard, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, stones for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Water basin, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 124-125

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Wave Erosion Processes and Features
Wave Transportation and Deposition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wave erosion processes: corrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution. Identify erosional features: cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

Discussion of erosion processes with practical examples. Drawing formation sequence of coastal erosional features on chalkboard. Students sketch feature formation stages.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, pictures from textbook
Sand, water container, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 130-134

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coastal Depositional Features - Beaches and Spits
Coastal Depositional Features - Bars and Other Features

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe beach formation and characteristics. Explain spit formation at coastline direction changes. Identify beach features: ridges, cusps, berms, beach rock.

Discussion of beach formation conditions and processes. Drawing spit formation diagrams showing longshore drift effects. Students identify local beach examples.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, sand for demonstration
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 135-137

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Types of Coasts - Concordant and Discordant
Submerged Coasts - Highland and Lowland
Emerged Coasts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between concordant and discordant coasts. Explain factors determining coast types: wave action, tidal currents, rock nature, alignment.

Discussion of coast types with Kenya examples (Malindi-Lamu vs Mombasa). Analysis of factors affecting coastal development. Students identify coast types on maps.

Atlas, chalkboard, chalk, exercise books
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya coast
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, local examples

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 139-140

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Coasts and Reef Formation
Types of Coral Reefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coral polyp requirements for growth: temperature, clean water, shallow depth, salinity. Describe conditions favoring coral development.

Discussion of coral growth conditions and requirements. Analysis of tropical coral distribution patterns. Students list coral growth requirements.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, atlas

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 143-144

OCEANS, SEAS AND THEIR COASTS

Coral Reef Formation Theories
Significance of Oceans - Economic Importance
Significance of Coasts and Coastal Features
Unit Assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain Darwin's, Daly's, and Murray's theories of coral reef formation. Compare different explanations for barrier reef and atoll development.

Discussion of different coral formation theories with diagrams. Comparison of theory strengths and limitations. Students create theory comparison charts.

Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, textbooks
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, world map
Chalkboard, chalk, exercise books, maps of Kenya
Assessment papers, atlas, exercise books, maps

KLB Secondary Geography Form 3, Pages 146-148