ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes

Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures

Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain positional and chain isomerism
- Draw isomers of given alkanols
- Name different isomeric forms
- Classify isomers as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Study positional isomerism examples (propan-1-ol vs propan-2-ol)
- Practice drawing chain isomers
- Exercises on isomer identification and naming
- Discussion on structural differences

Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 170-171

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkanols I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydration of ethene method
- Compare laboratory and industrial methods
- Analyze physical properties of alkanols
- Relate properties to molecular structure

Study ethene hydration using phosphoric acid catalyst
- Compare fermentation vs industrial methods
- Analyze Table 6.3 - physical properties
- Discussion on hydrogen bonding effects

Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts
Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-173

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Chemical Properties of Alkanols II
Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate oxidation and esterification reactions
- Test oxidizing agents on ethanol
- Prepare esters from alkanols
- Explain dehydration reactions

Complete Experiment 6.2: Test with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Observe color changes
- Esterification with ethanoic acid
- Study dehydration conditions

Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus
Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 173-176

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethanoic acid by oxidation
- Write equations for preparation
- Set up oxidation apparatus
- Identify product by testing

Experiment 6.3: Oxidize ethanol using acidified KMnO₄
- Set up heating and distillation apparatus
- Collect distillate at 118°C
- Test product properties

Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 179-180

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation
Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define detergents and classify types
- Explain saponification process
- Prepare soap in laboratory
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents

Study soap vs soapless detergent differences
- Experiment 6.5: Saponify castor oil with NaOH
- Add salt for salting out
- Test soap formation

Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper
Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 183-186

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define polymers, monomers, and polymerization
- Explain addition polymerization
- Draw polymer structures
- Calculate polymer properties

Study polymer concept and terminology
- Practice drawing addition polymers from monomers
- Examples: polyethene, polypropene, PVC
- Calculate molecular masses

Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 191-195

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers
- State uses of different polymers
- Discuss environmental concerns
- Analyze polymer selection

Study Table 6.10 - polymer uses
- Advantages: strength, lightness, moldability
- Disadvantages: non-biodegradability, toxic gases
- Application analysis

Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 200-201

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201

THE MOLE

Volumetric Analysis - Introduction and Apparatus
Titration - Acid-Base Neutralization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define volumetric analysis and titration
Identify and use titration apparatus correctly
Explain functions of pipettes and burettes
Demonstrate proper reading techniques

Practical session: Familiarization with pipettes and burettes. Practice filling and reading burettes accurately. Learn proper meniscus reading. Use pipette fillers safely. Rinse apparatus with appropriate solutions.

Pipettes (10, 20, 25cm³), Burettes (50cm³), Pipette fillers, Conical flasks, Various solutions
Burettes, Pipettes, 0.1M NaOH, 0.1M HCl, Phenolphthalein indicator, Conical flasks

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 58-59

THE MOLE

Titration - Diprotic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate titrations involving diprotic acids
Determine basicity of acids from titration data
Compare volumes needed for mono- and diprotic acids
Write equations for diprotic acid reactions

Experiment: Titrate 25cm³ of 0.1M NaOH with 0.1M H₂SO₄. Compare volume used with previous HCl titration. Calculate mole ratios. Explain concept of basicity. Introduce dibasic and tribasic acids.

Burettes, Pipettes, 0.1M H₂SO₄, 0.1M NaOH, Phenolphthalein, Basicity reference chart

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 62-65

THE MOLE

Standardization of Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define standardization process
Standardize HCl using Na₂CO₃ as primary standard
Calculate accurate concentrations from titration data
Understand importance of primary standards

Experiment: Prepare approximately 0.1M HCl and standardize using accurately weighed Na₂CO₃. Use methyl orange indicator. Calculate exact molarity from titration results. Discuss primary standard requirements.

Anhydrous Na₂CO₃, Approximately 0.1M HCl, Methyl orange, Volumetric flasks, Analytical balance

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 65-67

THE MOLE

Back Titration Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand principle of back titration
Apply back titration to determine composition
Calculate concentrations using back titration data
Determine atomic masses from back titration

Experiment: Determine atomic mass of divalent metal in MCO₃. Add excess HCl to carbonate, then titrate excess with NaOH. Calculate moles of acid that reacted with carbonate. Determine metal's atomic mass.

Metal carbonate sample, 0.5M HCl, 0M NaOH, Phenolphthalein, Conical flasks

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 67-70

THE MOLE

Redox Titrations - Principles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of redox titrations
Identify color changes in redox reactions
Understand self-indicating nature of some redox reactions
Write ionic equations for redox processes

Teacher exposition: Redox titration principles. Demonstrate color changes: MnO₄⁻ (purple) → Mn²⁺ (colorless), Cr₂O₇²⁻ (orange) → Cr³⁺ (green). Discussion: Self-indicating reactions. Write half-equations and overall ionic equations.

Potassium manganate(VII), Potassium dichromate(VI), Iron(II) solutions, Color change charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 68-70

THE MOLE

Redox Titrations - KMnO₄ Standardization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Standardize KMnO₄ solution using iron(II) salt
Calculate molarity from redox titration data
Apply 1:5 mole ratio in calculations
Prepare solutions for redox titrations

Experiment: Standardize KMnO₄ using FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄·6H₂O. Dissolve iron salt in boiled, cooled water. Titrate with KMnO₄ until persistent pink color. Calculate molarity using 5:1 mole ratio.

Iron(II) ammonium sulfate, KMnO₄ solution, Dilute H₂SO₄, Pipettes, Burettes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 70-72

THE MOLE

Water of Crystallization Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine water of crystallization in hydrated salts
Use redox titration to find formula of hydrated salt
Calculate value of 'n' in crystallization formulas
Apply analytical data to determine complete formulas

Experiment: Determine 'n' in FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄·nH₂O. Dissolve known mass in acid, titrate with standardized KMnO₄. Calculate moles of iron(II), hence complete formula. Compare theoretical and experimental values.

Hydrated iron(II) salt, Standardized KMnO₄, Dilute H₂SO₄, Analytical balance

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 72-73

THE MOLE

Atomicity and Molar Gas Volume
Combining Volumes of Gases - Experimental Investigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define atomicity of gaseous elements
Classify gases as monoatomic, diatomic, or triatomic
Determine molar gas volume experimentally
Calculate gas densities and molar masses

Experiment: Measure volumes and masses of different gases (O₂, CO₂, Cl₂). Calculate densities and molar masses. Determine volume occupied by one mole. Compare values at different conditions.

Gas syringes (50cm³), Various gases, Analytical balance, Gas supply apparatus
Gas syringes, Dry NH₃ generator, Dry HCl generator, Glass connecting tubes, Clips

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 73-75

THE MOLE

Gas Laws and Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Avogadro's law to chemical reactions
Use volume ratios to determine chemical equations
Calculate product volumes from reactant volumes
Solve problems involving gas stoichiometry

Worked examples: Use Gay-Lussac's law to determine equations. Calculate volumes of products from given reactant volumes. Apply Avogadro's law to find number of molecules. Practice: Complex gas stoichiometry problems.

Scientific calculators, Gas law charts, Volume ratio examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 77-79

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define organic chemistry and hydrocarbons
Explain why carbon forms many compounds
Classify hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Identify the bonding in carbon compounds

Teacher exposition: Definition of organic chemistry. Discussion: Unique properties of carbon - tetravalency, catenation, multiple bonding. Q/A: Examples of hydrocarbons in daily life. Introduction to three main groups of hydrocarbons.

Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify natural sources of alkanes
Describe composition of natural gas and biogas
Explain crude oil as major source of alkanes
Describe biogas digester and its operation

Discussion: Natural gas composition (80% methane). Explanation: Biogas formation from organic waste decomposition. Teacher demonstration: Biogas digester model/diagram. Q/A: Environmental benefits of biogas production.

Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fractional distillation process
Perform fractional distillation of crude oil
Identify different fractions and their uses
Relate boiling points to molecular size

Experiment: Fractional distillation of crude oil using improvised column. Collect fractions at different temperatures (120°C intervals up to 350°C). Test fractions for appearance, flammability, and viscosity. Record observations and relate to molecular size.

Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 87-89

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define cracking of alkanes
Distinguish between thermal and catalytic cracking
Write equations for cracking reactions
Explain industrial importance of cracking

Teacher exposition: Definition and purpose of cracking. Discussion: Thermal vs catalytic cracking conditions. Worked examples: Cracking equations producing smaller alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen. Q/A: Industrial applications and hydrogen production.

Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 89-90

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define homologous series using alkanes
Write molecular formulas for first 10 alkanes
Identify characteristics of homologous series
Apply general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ for alkanes

Teacher exposition: Homologous series definition and characteristics. Table completion: Names, molecular formulas, and structures of first 10 alkanes. Discussion: General formula application. Pattern recognition: Gradual change in physical properties.

Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched
Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name straight-chain alkanes using IUPAC rules
Identify parent chains in branched alkanes
Name branched alkanes with substituent groups
Apply systematic naming rules correctly

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of branched alkanes. Rules application: Longest chain identification, numbering from nearest branch, substituent naming. Practice exercises: Various branched alkane structures. Group work: Name complex branched alkanes.

Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe laboratory preparation of methane
Perform methane preparation experiment safely
Test physical and chemical properties of methane
Write equation for methane preparation

Experiment: Heat mixture of sodium ethanoate and soda lime. Collect methane gas over water. Tests: Color, smell, combustion, reaction with bromine in dark. Record observations in table format. Safety precautions during gas collection.

Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethane using sodium propanoate and soda lime
Compare preparation methods of methane and ethane
Test properties of ethane gas
Write general equation for alkane preparation

Experiment: Prepare ethane from sodium propanoate and soda lime. Compare with methane preparation method. Carry out similar tests as for methane. Discussion: General pattern for alkane preparation from sodium alkanoates.

Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical Properties of Alkanes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkanes
Explain trends in melting and boiling points
Relate molecular size to physical properties
Compare solubility in different solvents

Data analysis: Study table of physical properties of first 10 alkanes. Graph plotting: Boiling points vs number of carbon atoms. Discussion: Intermolecular forces and property trends. Q/A: Solubility patterns in polar and non-polar solvents.

Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 96-97

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for complete and incomplete combustion
Explain substitution reactions with halogens
Describe conditions for halogenation reactions
Name halogenated alkane products

Worked examples: Combustion equations for various alkanes. Teacher demonstration: Methane + bromine in sunlight (or simulation). Discussion: Free radical mechanism in substitution. Practice: Write equations for chlorination of methane.

Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 97-98

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List major uses of different alkanes
Explain industrial applications of alkanes
Describe environmental considerations
Evaluate economic importance of alkanes

Discussion: Uses of gaseous alkanes as fuels. Teacher exposition: Industrial applications - carbon black, methanol production, hydrogen source. Q/A: Environmental impact and cleaner fuel initiatives. Assignment: Research local uses of alkane products.

Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 98-100

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkenes and unsaturation
Identify the C=C functional group
Write general formula for alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ)
Compare alkenes with alkanes

Teacher exposition: Alkenes definition and unsaturation concept. Introduction: C=C double bond as functional group. Table study: First 6 members of alkene series. Comparison: Alkenes vs alkanes - formulas and structures.

Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 100-101

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC rules for naming alkenes
Number carbon chains to give lowest numbers to double bonds
Name branched alkenes with substituents
Distinguish position isomers of alkenes

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of alkenes. Rules application: Longest chain with double bond, numbering from end nearest double bond. Practice exercises: Name various alkene structures. Group work: Complex branched alkenes with substituents.

IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 101-102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethene

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethene by dehydration of ethanol
Describe role of concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up apparatus safely for ethene preparation
Test physical and chemical properties of ethene

Experiment: Dehydration of ethanol using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C. Use sand bath for controlled heating. Pass gas through NaOH to remove impurities. Tests: Bromine water, acidified KMnO₄, combustion. Safety precautions with concentrated acid.

Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe catalytic dehydration using aluminum oxide
Compare different preparation methods
List physical properties of ethene
Explain trends in alkene physical properties

Demonstration: Alternative method using Al₂O₃ catalyst. Comparison: Acid vs catalytic dehydration methods. Data analysis: Physical properties of alkenes table. Discussion: Property trends with increasing molecular size.

Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain addition reactions due to C=C double bond
Write equations for halogenation of alkenes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Explain addition mechanism

Teacher exposition: Addition reactions definition and mechanism. Worked examples: Ethene + Cl₂, Br₂, HBr, H₂. Discussion: Markovnikov's rule for unsymmetrical addition. Practice: Various addition reaction equations.

Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 105-107

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe oxidation by KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇
Explain polymerization of ethene
Define monomers and polymers
Write equations for polymer formation

Demonstration: Decolorization of KMnO₄ by alkenes. Teacher exposition: Polymerization process and polymer formation. Examples: Ethene → polyethene formation. Discussion: Industrial importance of polymerization. Practice: Write polymerization equations.

Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 107-108

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Tests for Alkenes and Uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform chemical tests to identify alkenes
Use bromine water and KMnO₄ as test reagents
List industrial and domestic uses of alkenes
Explain importance in plastic manufacture

Practical session: Test known alkenes with bromine water and acidified KMnO₄. Observe rapid decolorization compared to alkanes. Discussion: Uses in plastics, ethanol production, fruit ripening, detergents. Assignment: Research alkene applications.

Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 108-109

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkynes and triple bond structure
Write general formula for alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂)
Identify first members of alkyne series
Compare degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons

Teacher exposition: Alkynes definition and C≡C triple bond. Table study: First 6 members of alkyne series with structures. Discussion: Degrees of unsaturation - alkanes vs alkenes vs alkynes. Model demonstration: Triple bond representation.

Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 109-110

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes
Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC naming rules for alkynes
Name branched alkynes with substituents
Draw structural isomers of alkynes
Identify branching and positional isomerism

Teacher demonstration: Systematic naming of alkynes using -yne suffix. Practice exercises: Name various alkyne structures. Drawing exercise: Isomers of pentyne and hexyne. Group work: Complex branched alkynes with multiple substituents.

IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 110-111

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkynes
Compare alkyne properties with alkenes and alkanes
Write combustion equations for alkynes
Explain addition reactions of alkynes

Data analysis: Physical properties of alkynes table. Comparison: Alkynes vs alkenes vs alkanes properties. Worked examples: Combustion reactions of ethyne. Teacher exposition: Two-step addition reactions due to triple bond.

Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 112-113

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests
Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for halogenation of alkynes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Compare reaction rates: alkynes vs alkenes
Perform chemical tests for alkynes

Worked examples: Two-step addition reactions of ethyne with Br₂, Cl₂, H₂. Discussion: Faster reaction rates in alkynes compared to alkenes. Practical session: Test alkynes with oxidizing agents. Comparison: Rate of decolorization vs alkenes.

Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison
Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 113-115