ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
Sources of Alkanes - Natural Gas, Biogas, and Crude Oil

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define organic chemistry and hydrocarbons
Explain why carbon forms many compounds
Classify hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Identify the bonding in carbon compounds

Teacher exposition: Definition of organic chemistry. Discussion: Unique properties of carbon - tetravalency, catenation, multiple bonding. Q/A: Examples of hydrocarbons in daily life. Introduction to three main groups of hydrocarbons.

Carbon models, Hydrocarbon structure charts, Molecular model kits
Biogas digester model/diagram, Natural gas composition charts, Organic waste samples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 86-87

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Cracking of Alkanes - Thermal and Catalytic Methods
Alkane Series and Homologous Series Concept

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain fractional distillation process
Perform fractional distillation of crude oil
Identify different fractions and their uses
Relate boiling points to molecular size
Define cracking of alkanes
Distinguish between thermal and catalytic cracking
Write equations for cracking reactions
Explain industrial importance of cracking

Experiment: Fractional distillation of crude oil using improvised column. Collect fractions at different temperatures (120°C intervals up to 350°C). Test fractions for appearance, flammability, and viscosity. Record observations and relate to molecular size.
Teacher exposition: Definition and purpose of cracking. Discussion: Thermal vs catalytic cracking conditions. Worked examples: Cracking equations producing smaller alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen. Q/A: Industrial applications and hydrogen production.

Crude oil sample, Boiling tubes, High-temperature thermometer, Sand/porcelain chips, Bunsen burner, Test tubes
Cracking process diagrams, Chemical equation charts, Catalyst samples for demonstration
Alkane series chart, Molecular formula worksheets, Periodic table

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 87-89
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 89-90

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature of Alkanes - Straight Chain and Branched

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Name straight-chain alkanes using IUPAC rules
Identify parent chains in branched alkanes
Name branched alkanes with substituent groups
Apply systematic naming rules correctly

Teacher demonstration: Step-by-step naming of branched alkanes. Rules application: Longest chain identification, numbering from nearest branch, substituent naming. Practice exercises: Various branched alkane structures. Group work: Name complex branched alkanes.

Structural formula charts, IUPAC naming rules poster, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 90-92

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Isomerism in Alkanes - Structural Isomers
Laboratory Preparation of Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define isomerism in alkanes
Draw structural isomers of butane and pentane
Distinguish between chain and positional isomerism
Predict number of isomers for given alkanes

Teacher exposition: Isomerism definition and types. Practical exercise: Draw all isomers of butane and pentane. Discussion: Physical property differences between isomers. Model building: Use molecular models to show isomeric structures.

Molecular model kits, Isomerism charts, Structural formula worksheets
Sodium ethanoate, Soda lime, Round-bottomed flask, Gas collection apparatus, Bromine water, Wooden splints

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 92-94

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethane using sodium propanoate and soda lime
Compare preparation methods of methane and ethane
Test properties of ethane gas
Write general equation for alkane preparation

Experiment: Prepare ethane from sodium propanoate and soda lime. Compare with methane preparation method. Carry out similar tests as for methane. Discussion: General pattern for alkane preparation from sodium alkanoates.

Sodium propanoate, Soda lime, Gas collection apparatus, Testing materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 94-96

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical Properties of Alkanes
Chemical Properties of Alkanes - Combustion and Substitution
Uses of Alkanes in Industry and Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkanes
Explain trends in melting and boiling points
Relate molecular size to physical properties
Compare solubility in different solvents
List major uses of different alkanes
Explain industrial applications of alkanes
Describe environmental considerations
Evaluate economic importance of alkanes

Data analysis: Study table of physical properties of first 10 alkanes. Graph plotting: Boiling points vs number of carbon atoms. Discussion: Intermolecular forces and property trends. Q/A: Solubility patterns in polar and non-polar solvents.
Discussion: Uses of gaseous alkanes as fuels. Teacher exposition: Industrial applications - carbon black, methanol production, hydrogen source. Q/A: Environmental impact and cleaner fuel initiatives. Assignment: Research local uses of alkane products.

Physical properties data tables, Graph paper, Calculators, Solubility demonstration materials
Molecular models, Halogenation reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets
Industrial application charts, Product samples, Environmental impact materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 96-97
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 98-100

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkenes and Functional Groups
Nomenclature of Alkenes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkenes and unsaturation
Identify the C=C functional group
Write general formula for alkenes (CₙH₂ₙ)
Compare alkenes with alkanes

Teacher exposition: Alkenes definition and unsaturation concept. Introduction: C=C double bond as functional group. Table study: First 6 members of alkene series. Comparison: Alkenes vs alkanes - formulas and structures.

Alkene series charts, Molecular models showing double bonds, Functional group posters
IUPAC naming charts for alkenes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 100-101

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Isomerism in Alkenes - Branching and Positional

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw structural isomers of alkenes
Distinguish between branching and positional isomerism
Identify geometric isomers in alkenes
Predict isomer numbers for given molecular formulas

Practical exercise: Draw all isomers of butene and pentene. Teacher exposition: Branching vs positional isomerism in alkenes. Model building: Use molecular models for isomer visualization. Discussion: Geometric isomerism introduction (basic level).

Molecular model kits, Isomerism worksheets, Geometric isomer models

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Laboratory Preparation of Ethene
Alternative Preparation of Ethene and Physical Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Prepare ethene by dehydration of ethanol
Describe role of concentrated sulfuric acid
Set up apparatus safely for ethene preparation
Test physical and chemical properties of ethene

Experiment: Dehydration of ethanol using concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C. Use sand bath for controlled heating. Pass gas through NaOH to remove impurities. Tests: Bromine water, acidified KMnO₄, combustion. Safety precautions with concentrated acid.

Ethanol, Concentrated H₂SO₄, Round-bottomed flask, Sand bath, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions
Aluminum oxide catalyst, Glass wool, Alternative apparatus setup, Physical properties charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 102-104

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Chemical Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions
Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes and Polymerization
Tests for Alkenes and Uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain addition reactions due to C=C double bond
Write equations for halogenation of alkenes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Explain addition mechanism
Describe oxidation by KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇
Explain polymerization of ethene
Define monomers and polymers
Write equations for polymer formation

Teacher exposition: Addition reactions definition and mechanism. Worked examples: Ethene + Cl₂, Br₂, HBr, H₂. Discussion: Markovnikov's rule for unsymmetrical addition. Practice: Various addition reaction equations.
Demonstration: Decolorization of KMnO₄ by alkenes. Teacher exposition: Polymerization process and polymer formation. Examples: Ethene → polyethene formation. Discussion: Industrial importance of polymerization. Practice: Write polymerization equations.

Addition reaction charts, Mechanism diagrams, Chemical equation worksheets
Oxidizing agents for demonstration, Polymer samples, Polymerization charts, Monomer-polymer models
Test alkenes, Bromine water, Acidified KMnO₄, Plastic samples, Uses reference charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 105-107
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 107-108

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Introduction to Alkynes and Triple Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define alkynes and triple bond structure
Write general formula for alkynes (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂)
Identify first members of alkyne series
Compare degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons

Teacher exposition: Alkynes definition and C≡C triple bond. Table study: First 6 members of alkyne series with structures. Discussion: Degrees of unsaturation - alkanes vs alkenes vs alkynes. Model demonstration: Triple bond representation.

Alkyne series charts, Triple bond molecular models, Unsaturation comparison charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 109-110

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkynes
Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply IUPAC naming rules for alkynes
Name branched alkynes with substituents
Draw structural isomers of alkynes
Identify branching and positional isomerism

Teacher demonstration: Systematic naming of alkynes using -yne suffix. Practice exercises: Name various alkyne structures. Drawing exercise: Isomers of pentyne and hexyne. Group work: Complex branched alkynes with multiple substituents.

IUPAC naming rules for alkynes, Structural formula worksheets, Molecular model kits
Calcium carbide, Sand, Flat-bottomed flask, Dropping funnel, Gas collection apparatus, Testing solutions

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 110-111

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkynes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe physical properties of alkynes
Compare alkyne properties with alkenes and alkanes
Write combustion equations for alkynes
Explain addition reactions of alkynes

Data analysis: Physical properties of alkynes table. Comparison: Alkynes vs alkenes vs alkanes properties. Worked examples: Combustion reactions of ethyne. Teacher exposition: Two-step addition reactions due to triple bond.

Physical properties charts, Comparison tables, Combustion equation examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 112-113

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Reactions of Alkynes and Chemical Tests
Uses of Alkynes and Industrial Applications
Introduction to Alkanols and Nomenclature
Isomerism in Alkanols
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write equations for halogenation of alkynes
Describe hydrogenation and hydrohalogenation
Compare reaction rates: alkynes vs alkenes
Perform chemical tests for alkynes
Define alkanols and identify functional group
- Apply nomenclature rules for alkanols
- Draw structural formulae of simple alkanols
- Compare alkanols with corresponding alkanes

Worked examples: Two-step addition reactions of ethyne with Br₂, Cl₂, H₂. Discussion: Faster reaction rates in alkynes compared to alkenes. Practical session: Test alkynes with oxidizing agents. Comparison: Rate of decolorization vs alkenes.
Q/A: Review alkanes, alkenes from Form 3
- Study functional group -OH concept
- Practice naming alkanols using IUPAC rules
- Complete Table 6.2 - alkanol structures

Addition reaction charts, Chemical equation worksheets, Test solutions, Stopwatch for rate comparison
Industrial application charts, Welding equipment demonstration/video, Synthetic fiber samples
Molecular models, Table 6.1 and 6.2, alkanol structure charts, student books
Isomer structure charts, molecular models, practice worksheets, student books
Sugar, yeast, warm water, conical flask, delivery tube, lime water, thermometer

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 3, Pages 113-115
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-170

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Industrial Preparation and Physical Properties
Chemical Properties of Alkanols I
Chemical Properties of Alkanols II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain hydration of ethene method
- Compare laboratory and industrial methods
- Analyze physical properties of alkanols
- Relate properties to molecular structure

Study ethene hydration using phosphoric acid catalyst
- Compare fermentation vs industrial methods
- Analyze Table 6.3 - physical properties
- Discussion on hydrogen bonding effects

Table 6.3, industrial process diagrams, ethene structure models, property comparison charts
Ethanol, sodium metal, universal indicator, concentrated H₂SO₄, ethanoic acid, test tubes
Acidified potassium chromate/manganate, ethanoic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄, heating apparatus

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 171-173

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Uses of Alkanols and Health Effects
Introduction to Alkanoic Acids
Laboratory Preparation of Ethanoic Acid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State various uses of alkanols
- Explain health effects of alcohol consumption
- Discuss methylated spirits
- Analyze alcohol in society

Discussion on alkanol applications as solvents, fuels, antiseptics
- Health effects of alcohol consumption
- Methylated spirits composition
- Social implications

Charts showing alkanol uses, health impact data, methylated spirit samples, discussion materials
Alkanoic acid structure charts, Table 6.5 and 6.6, molecular models, student books
Ethanol, KMnO₄, concentrated H₂SO₄, distillation apparatus, thermometer, round-bottom flask

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 176-177

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanoic Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate chemical reactions of ethanoic acid
- Test with various reagents
- Write chemical equations
- Analyze acid strength

Experiment following Table 6.8: Test ethanoic acid with indicators, metals, carbonates, bases
- Record observations
- Write equations
- Discuss weak acid behavior

2M ethanoic acid, universal indicator, Mg strip, Na₂CO₃, NaOH, phenolphthalein, test tubes

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 180-182

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Esterification and Uses of Alkanoic Acids
Introduction to Detergents and Soap Preparation
Mode of Action of Soap and Hard Water Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain ester formation process
- Write esterification equations
- State uses of alkanoic acids
- Prepare simple esters
Explain soap molecule structure
- Describe cleaning mechanism
- Investigate hard water effects
- Compare soap performance in different waters

Complete esterification experiments
- Study concentrated H₂SO₄ as catalyst
- Write general esterification equation
- Discuss applications in food, drugs, synthetic fibres
Study hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
- Demonstrate micelle formation
- Test soap in distilled vs hard water
- Observe scum formation
- Write precipitation equations

Ethanoic acid, ethanol, concentrated H₂SO₄, test tubes, heating apparatus, cold water
Castor oil, 4M NaOH, NaCl, evaporating dish, water bath, stirring rod, filter paper
Soap samples, distilled water, hard water (CaCl₂/MgSO₄ solutions), test tubes, demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 182-183
KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 186-188

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Soapless Detergents and Environmental Effects
Introduction to Polymers and Addition Polymerization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain soapless detergent preparation
- Compare advantages/disadvantages
- Discuss environmental impact
- Analyze pollution effects

Study alkylbenzene sulphonate preparation
- Compare Table 6.9 - soap vs soapless
- Discussion on eutrophication and biodegradability
- Environmental awareness

Flow charts of detergent manufacture, Table 6.9, environmental impact data, sample detergents
Polymer samples, monomer structure charts, molecular models, calculators, polymer formation diagrams

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 188-191

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Addition Polymers - Types and Properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different addition polymers
- Draw structures from monomers
- Name common polymers
- Relate structure to properties

Study polystyrene, PTFE, perspex formation
- Practice identifying monomers from polymer structures
- Work through polymer calculation examples
- Properties analysis

Various polymer samples, structure identification exercises, calculation worksheets, Table 6.10

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 195-197

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Condensation Polymerization and Natural Polymers
Polymer Properties and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain condensation polymerization
- Compare with addition polymerization
- Study natural polymers
- Analyze nylon formation

Study nylon 6,6 formation from diamine and dioic acid
- Natural polymers: starch, protein, rubber
- Vulcanization process
- Compare synthetic vs natural

Nylon samples, rubber samples, condensation reaction diagrams, natural polymer examples
Table 6.10, polymer application samples, environmental impact studies, product examples

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 197-200

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Comprehensive Problem Solving and Integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve complex problems involving alkanols and acids
- Apply knowledge to practical situations
- Integrate polymer concepts
- Practice examination questions

Worked examples on organic synthesis
- Problem-solving on isomers, reactions, polymers
- Integration of all unit concepts
- Practice examination-style questions

Comprehensive problem sets, past examination papers, calculators, organic chemistry summary charts

KLB Secondary Chemistry Form 4, Pages 167-201