Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Meaning of force
Force and its Effect - Types of forces
Force and its Effect - Force of gravity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of force as a push or pull
- Identify situations where force is applied
- Appreciate the importance of force in day-to-day life

- Brainstorm on the meaning of the term force as used in science
- Move heavy objects in the classroom by pushing and pulling
- Discuss what is happening when people move objects by pushing or pulling
- Use print and non-print media to search for the meaning of the term force

How do we move heavy objects from one point to another?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 111
- Digital media
- Heavy objects for moving
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 113
- Various objects to demonstrate gravity
- Digital resources
- Balls

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Force of friction
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change of shape
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Start and stop motion
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Change direction and increase speed
Force and its Effect - Effects of force: Hold objects together
Force and its Effect - Uses of force in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of the force of friction
- Demonstrate the existence of force of friction
- Show interest in learning about friction

- Push objects on rough and smooth surfaces
- Observe and discuss why objects stop moving after some time
- Compare movement of objects on rough versus smooth surfaces
- Record observations

Why does a rolling ball stop after some time?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 114
- Various objects to demonstrate friction
- Rough and smooth surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 115
- Paper
- Malleable objects
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 116
- Balls
- Open space for activities
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 117
- Swings
- Hard surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Hammer or carpenter's glue
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 122
- Digital resources
- Wheelbarrow
- Pictures showing use of force

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Smoothening surfaces
Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using lubricants
Force and its Effect - Ways of minimizing friction: Using rollers and ball bearings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways of minimizing friction
- Demonstrate how smoothening surfaces reduces friction
- Value the importance of reducing friction

- Observe writing and sitting surfaces of desks
- Discuss why surfaces of rolling boards and pins are smoothened
- Give examples of surfaces that are smoothened to minimize friction

Why are the surfaces of the rolling board and pin smoothened?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 125
- Sandpaper
- Wood planer
- Smooth and rough surfaces
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 126
- Lubricants (oil, grease)
- Pictures of machines
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 127
- Rollers
- Pictures of ball bearings
- Heavy objects for demonstrations

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Light - Meaning of light
Light - Sources of light: Natural sources
Light - Sources of light: Artificial sources
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Using windows

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of light
- Describe the importance of light for seeing
- Appreciate the value of light in our lives

- Darken the classroom by closing windows and curtains
- Try to read what is written on the board in darkness
- Discuss observations and meaning of light
- Compare reading in dark versus well-lit rooms

Can you see clearly in a dark room?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 135
- Classroom with windows/curtains
- Written text on board
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Pictures of light sources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 137
- Various artificial light sources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 138
- Pictures of well-lit and poorly-lit rooms
- Classroom with windows

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Ways of lighting a house: Translucent roofs
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Artificial lighting
Light - Ways of lighting a house: Solar lighting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of translucent materials
- Describe how translucent roofs allow light to pass through
- Value the use of translucent materials in lighting

- Search for information on the meaning of translucent
- Discuss how translucent roofs allow light to pass through
- Observe pictures of buildings with translucent roofs
- Record observations

How does sunlight enter into the building through the roof?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 140
- Pictures of buildings with translucent roofs
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 141
- Various artificial light sources
- Pictures of lighting methods
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 142
- Pictures of solar panels
- Digital resources
- Solar powered devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Uses of light: Plants and light
Light - Uses of light: Safety and security
Light - Uses of light: Reading and eye health

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how plants use light
- Describe the importance of light for plant growth
- Value the role of light in nature

- Observe pictures showing plants in light and darkness
- Discuss why plants need sunlight for healthy growth
- Search for information on how plants use light
- Record observations

Why do plants require sunlight for healthy growth?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 143
- Pictures of plants
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 145
- Pictures of well-lit and dark roads
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 144
- Pictures showing reading in different lighting conditions

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Light - Applications of light: Communication
Light - Applications of light: Discouraging pests
Light - Applications of light: Daily activities
Light - Applications of light: Summary and review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how light is used for communication
- Identify various light signals in daily life
- Appreciate the importance of light signals

- Discuss how traffic lights guide motorists and pedestrians
- Identify other light signals used for communication
- Observe pictures of traffic lights and other light signals
- Record observations

How is light used as a form of communication?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 144
- Pictures of traffic lights
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Pictures of pests
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 149
- Charts on light applications
- Digital resources
- Assessment worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Meaning of heat
Heat - Sources of heat: Sun
Heat - Sources of heat: Fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of heat as a form of energy
- Demonstrate how heat flows from hot to cold objects
- Show interest in learning about heat

- Rub palms against each other for a minute
- Feel the warmth generated on the cheek
- Search for information on the meaning of heat
- Discuss findings with peers

What comes to your mind when you hear the term heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 151
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 153
- Pictures of solar cookers
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 154
- Pictures of fire sources
- Digital resources
- Samples of briquettes

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Force and Energy

Heat - Sources of heat: Gas
Heat - Sources of heat: Electricity
Heat - Uses of heat: Cooking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify gas as a source of heat
- Describe how gas produces heat
- Show awareness of safety when using gas

- Search for information on gas as a heat source
- Discuss how gas produces heat
- Learn about safety measures when using gas
- Record observations

What precautions should one observe when using gas as a source of heat?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 155
- Pictures of gas cylinders and cookers
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 156
- Pictures of electric cookers
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 158
- Pictures of cooking activities

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Heat - Uses of heat: Warming
Heat - Uses of heat: Drying
Heat - Uses of heat: Ironing
Heat - Safety measures when handling heat
Heat - Importance of heat in daily life
Heat - Project: Making kitchen gloves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how heat is used for warming
- Demonstrate ways of generating body heat
- Value heat as a source of warmth

- Discuss ways people keep warm (rubbing hands, sitting near fire)
- Observe pictures of people and animals keeping warm
- Identify various sources of warmth
- Record observations

Why do we rub our hands against each other during the cold season?

- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 159
- Pictures of warming activities
- Digital resources
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Pictures of drying activities
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 161
- Pictures of different types of irons
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 162
- Safety equipment
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing safety practices
- KLB Science and Technology Grade 4 Learner's Book pg. 165
- Pictures showing uses of heat
- Paper for patterns
- Fabric pieces
- Scissors
- Needles and thread

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments