CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4
KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Wall charts.

KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.
State general characteristics of plants.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.
Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12
KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Spermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of spermatophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on spermatophytes.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify features of spermatophytes.
To state general characteristics of angiospermaphyta.

Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Comparing gymnospermatophyta and angiospermaphyta.

Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
text book
text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16
KLB BK III. P 10. CERTIFICATE PG 16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

text book

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Crustacea.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.

KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a centipede.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 14. CERTIFICATE PG 20
KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of reptilia.
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.
Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 24
KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Features for identifying animals / plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct dichotomous keys using leaves, stems, e.t.c.

Teacher leads through constructed dichotomous keys.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG28

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY

Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.
Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.
Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Chart , graphs.
text book

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish parasitism from predation.
To differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
To identify adaptive features of parasites.

To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Q/A: Pairs of parasites and hosts.
Examine specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
Discuss economic importance of parasites.


Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 53
KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

chart
charts

KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.
Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.

text book

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.


To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.

Worked examples.
Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61
KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69