TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction. Transport in plants Transport in simple plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define transport.

Explain importance of transport in plants and animals.
Describe transport in simple plants.

Q/A and discussion;
Discuss transport in simple animals and plants e.g. mosses.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 1

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

External structure of the root.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate the external structure of the root to its function.

State primary functions of roots.

Class experiment- to examine a piece of a taproot.
Drawing and labeling a diagram of the taproot.
Discussion of adaptation of the root hairs to their functions.
Q/A: Functions of roots.

Tap root, bean / pea seedlings.

Petri-dish
Razor blade.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 1-2

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of the root.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Relate the internal structure of a root to its functions.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of sections of roots and root hairs for monocotyledon and dicotyledonous roots.
Discuss functions of the labeled parts.

Permanent slides of roots,
microscope, wallchart.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 2-4

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Structure and functions of the stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe structural organization of stems.
To state primary functions of the stem.

Observing permanent stem slides under a microscope.

Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 5

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of the stem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label internal stem structures.

Drawing and labeling transverse sections of stems.

Wall charts - Internal structure of the stem.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 5- 7

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of the stem.
Absorption of water and mineral salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label internal stem structures.
To explain processes through which water and mineral salts move through plants.

Drawing and labeling transverse sections of stems.
Discussion and Explanations.

Wall charts - Internal structure of the stem.
Wall charts ?
Root hairs.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 5- 7
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 7 - 9

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance and types of Transpiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of transpiration.
To state and explain types of transpiration.

Probing questions,
Discussion,
Explanations.

Wall charts ?
Internal structure of a leaf.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 9-10, 12

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Factors affecting rate of transpiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain factors affecting transpiration.

Q/A:
Discussion
Explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 12- 14

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The Xylem tissue. Forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of xylem tissue.

To explain the forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.

Q/A:
Discussion
Explanations
Drawing diagrams.

Wall charts-The xylem tissue.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 10-12

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The Xylem tissue. Forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.
Rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of xylem tissue.

To explain the forces involved in transport of water and mineral salts.

To describe simple experiments to show rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.

Q/A:
Discussion
Explanations
Drawing diagrams.


Discuss above observations.
Draw graphs to show rates of transpiration on leaf surfaces.
Answer questions.

Wall charts-The xylem tissue.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 10-12
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 18

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Translocation of organic compounds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define translocation.
To describe the structure of phloem tissue.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis.
Discussion and explanations of structure of phloem tissue.
Drawing and labeling phloem tissue.

Chart - phloem tissue.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 17

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Transport in Animals. Open and closed circulatory systems. Open circulatory system in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



To differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems.

To discuss open circulatory system in insects.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing and labeling diagrams.

Charts- Circulatory systems.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 18 - 19

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Single and double circulatory systems.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between single and double circulatory systems.

Exposition and discussion.
Tracing the path followed by blood from a point and back to the same point.

Chart- Mammalian double circulation system.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 18-20

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Single and double circulatory systems.
The mammalian heart ? external structure.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between single and double circulatory systems.
To describe the external structure of the heart.

Exposition and discussion.
Tracing the path followed by blood from a point and back to the same point.
Exposition; Identifying compartments of the heart.

Chart- Mammalian double circulation system.


Model of a heart.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 18-20
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 21 - 22

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of mammalian heart.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw compartments of the heart and label major parts.

Drawing and labeling a diagram of a mammalian heart.

Model of a heart, wallcharts.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 22 -23

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of mammalian heart.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Draw compartments of the heart and label major parts.

Drawing and labeling a diagram of a mammalian heart.

Model of a heart, wallcharts.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 22 -23

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pumping mechanism of the heart.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between systolic and diastolic heart movements.

Discussion and Explanations.
Experiment- To investigate pulse rate at the wrist.

Stopwatches.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 23 - 24

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pulse rate.
Structure of arteries. Major arteries.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the origin of pulse.
Explain effect of exercise on pulse rate.
To describe the structure of arteries.

To identify major arteries in the circulatory system.

Record number of pulses before and after an exercise.
Brief discussion.

Discussion
Drawing and labeling internal structure of an artery.

Stopwatches.
Chart- cross-section of an artery.
Chart-circulatory system.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 25

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Structure of arteries. Major arteries.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of arteries.

To identify major arteries in the circulatory system.

Discussion
Drawing and labeling internal structure of an artery.

Chart- cross-section of an artery.
Chart-circulatory system.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 25

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Veins.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of veins.
To explain the need for valves in veins.
To state differences between veins and arteries.

Drawing and labeling diagram of an artery.
Discussion and explanations.

Chart-
cross-sections of major blood vessels in the body.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 27-29

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Capillaries.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of capillaries.
To explain the role of capillaries in transport

Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 25-26

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.

Discussion of various diseases and defects of the circulatory system.
Suggest methods of prevention and control.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 31 - 32

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Composition of blood. The plasma.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the constituents of blood plasma.
To identify functions of plasma.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 32 - 33

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Red blood cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the functions of red blood cells.
To explain the functions of haemoglobin in r.b.c.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Wall charts.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 33 - 34

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

White blood cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of white blood cells.
To state functions of white blood cells.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 34 - 35

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

White blood cells.
Platelets.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of white blood cells.
To state functions of white blood cells.
To describe the structure of platelets.
To state functions of platelets.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 34 - 35
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 35

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood clotting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the blood clotting process.

To explain importance of blood clotting.

Exposition of new concepts.
Detailed discussion.

Blood smear, microscope.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 36

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood groups, Antigens and antibodies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the four blood groups.
To identify compatible blood groups.

Completing a table of blood groups and the corresponding antigens and antibodies present.

Chart-
blood groups, antigens and antibodies.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Blood transfusion.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define blood transfusion.
To identify compatible blood groups.
To identify the universal donor and universal recipient.

Q/A: Identifying compatible blood groups.
Open discussion.
Completing a table of compatible blood groups.

Blood transfusion resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 30 - 31

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The Rhesus factor.
Lymph.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the Rhesus factor and its significance.
To describe formation and functions of lymph.

Review blood groups, antigens and antibodies.
Exposition, discussion and explanations.

text book
Chart- the lymphatic system.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 38
K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 38 - 40

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Immune responses.
Allergic reactions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between natural and acquired immunity.
To explain the role of vaccines in immune responses.

Detailed explanations and open discussion.
To explain the role of vaccination / immunization.
Open discussion on HIV / AIDS.

Chart- Diseases that children are immunized against;
Resource person.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Pages 40 - 41

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Organ transplant.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organs that are normally transplanted.

Q/A: Organs transplanted.

Superficial discussion.

Topic review.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
Page 43

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Introduction. Gaseous exchange in plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To explain importance of gaseous exchange.

To describe gaseous exchange in plants.

Discussion
Explanations

Q/A: Products of respiration.
Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 48

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Release of CO2 by plants.
Release of O2 by plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe an experiment to show release of CO2 by plants.
To describe an experiment to show release of O2 by plants.

Class experiments including control experiments.

Explain the observations made.


Teacher demonstration: Test for the gas evolved.
Discuss observations.

Bicarbonate indicator, boiling tubes, Aluminum foil.

Gas jar,
Glass funnel,
Water plant,
Beaker.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 49

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Stomata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure and explain the functions of stomata.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 51

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Opening & closing of stomata.
Stomata and habitats of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe and explain the mechanism of opening & closing of stomata.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Prepared slides of hydrophytes and xerophytes.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 51

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Lenticels.
Respiratory surfaces in animals.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe and explain the mechanism of lenticels.

Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 52

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in protozoa.
Gaseous exchange in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in an amoeba.
To describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in insects

Q/A: Review diffusion, structure of an amoeba.
Discuss briefly gaseous exchange in and out of amoeba.

Drawing tracheal system of a grasshopper.
Discuss at length the structure of the tracheal system.
Detailed discussion.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 53
K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 53, 54

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Breathing in insects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the breathing mechanism in an insect.

Observe breathing movements of live specimens of grasshoppers, locusts or cockroaches.

Live specimens of insects,
Hand lenses,
Boiling tubes.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.
Gaseous exchange in a bony fish.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give an account of the number, position and shape of spiracles of insects.

Drawing the abdomen and showing the position and shape of spiracles, and giving reasons thereof.

Live specimens of insects.

A gill of a fish.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 56

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in amphibians.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a frog.

Q/A: Various methods of gaseous exchange in a frog.
Discuss gaseous exchange through the mouth, lungs and skin of a frog.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 58

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in mammals.
The structure of the lungs.
Inhalation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down parts of the tracheal system in man.
To describe the function of the parts of a system respiratory.


To explain adaptations of the lungs to their functions.

Discuss at length man?s respiratory system.
Drawing labeled diagrams coupled with explanations.

Wall chart- Respiratory system in man.
Wall charts- Structure of lungs.
Chart / model of a rib cage.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 59
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 60-1

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Exhalation.
Thoracic cavity model.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of exhalation in man.

Showing movements of ribs during exhalation.
Explain the exhalation mechanism.

Chart / model of a rib cage.
Thoracic cavity model.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 61-62

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gaseous exchange in an alveolus.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe gaseous exchange in an alveolus.
To explain regulation of breathing in man.

Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 64

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Rate of breathing in man.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain briefly factors affecting the rate of inhalation / exhalation processes.

Discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 63

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Intercostal muscles.
Inhaled and exhaled air.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the function of intercostal muscles during the breathing system.

To test for CO2 in the air we inhale/ exhale.

Detailed discussion.
Counting number of inhalations before and after an exercise blow.

Observe colour changes of lime water, and make deductions.
Brief discussion.

Lime water, rib cage model.
Lime water.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 66
K.L.B. BOOK 2
P. 67

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Diseases of the respiratory system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.

Discuss cause, symptoms and prevention of whooping cough TB, bronchitis, etc.

Resource person.

K.L.B. BOOK 2
PP. 67-70

RESPIRATION

Introduction ? Definition and importance of respiration.
Burning food.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able:
To define respiration.
To explain significance of respiration.

Q/A: Definition

Brief discussion of significance of respiration.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 73-74

RESPIRATION

The mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state functions of mitochondrion in respiration.

Drawing structure of the mitochondrion.
Explain function of the mitochondrion.

Wall charts- The mitochond-rion
text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 74

RESPIRATION

Anaerobic respiration.
Oxygen ?debt?.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe anaerobic respiration.
To explain the term ?oxygen debt?.
To explain the effect of ?oxygen debt? on the amount of energy released during respiration.

Observe set up experiments.
Detailed discussion punctuated with probing questions:

Probing questions.

Detailed discussion.

Glucose
Yeast
Thermometer

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P.77
K.L.B. BK 2
P.78

RESPIRATION

Applications of anaerobic respiration.
Respiratory substrates & respiratory quotient.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain applications of anaerobic respiration.

Q/A: Products of fermentation process.
Listing down various applications of anaerobic respiration.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
P. 79

RESPIRATION

Rate of respiration.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain factors affecting rate of respiration.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

text book

K.L.B. BK 2
PP. 80-81