CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.
Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria
chart

KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3
KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms with varied forms.
Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label an amoeba, paramecium, spirogyra, e.t.c.

Drawing and labelling organisms with varied forms.

Wall charts.
Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 9

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.
Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.
A live or preserved fern.
text book

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13
KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Features of Spermatophytes.
Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify features of spermatophytes.

Class experiments: To examine a complete specimen of a bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.
text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of kingdom Animalia.

Q/A: To review general characteristics of animals as compared to those of plants.

text book

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 18

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.
To describe external features of mites, spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

Examine specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Q/A: Differences between arachnids and members of other classes.
Discuss general characteristics of Arachnida.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21
KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. PP 16-18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Aves.
Class Mammalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of aves.

Q/A: Comparing reptiles and amphibians/ aves
Discussion: General characteristics of reptilia.

Chart- Diagrams of birds.
Diagrams of various mammals.

KLB BK III. P 19. CERTIFICATE PG 24

CLASSIFICATION II

Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27
KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY

Construction of dichotomous keys.
Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
text book

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.
Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.
Chart , graphs.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.
Trophic levels.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a predator and a prey.
To describe adaptive characteristics of various predators.
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Q/A: Pairs of predators and preys.
Discussion: Adaptive characteristics of leopards, hawks, praying mantis, lions, e.t.c


Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.
Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.

KLB BK III. P 37. CERTIFICATE PG 51
KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Food chains.
Food webs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a food chain.
To give examples of food chains.
To identify trophic levels of organism(s) in a food chain.

Teacher gives an illustration of a food chain; then gives specific examples.
Q/A: Trophic levels of organisms in a food chain.

chart
charts

KLB BK III. P 42. CERTIFICATE PG46

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Detailed discussion.
Explanations and drawing diagrams.

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various stages of meiosis.

Group experiments- meiosis in young flower bulbs.
Drawing cells showing stages of meiosis.
Comparing drawn cells with those previously drawn.

Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 105

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.
Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.
Insect-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117
KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.
Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Detailed discussion.


Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

text book

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124
KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book
charts

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.


To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.
text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149
KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
chart

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation.
The placenta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.

text book
Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.
Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

text book
text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. P. 116 CERTIFICATE PG 159
KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.

Detailed discussion.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 123