INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earth movements.
Results of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe causes of earth movements.
Identify landforms resulting from earth movements.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Theory of Continental Drift.
The Plates Tectonic Theory.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the theory of Continental Drift.
Explain the Plates Tectonic Theory.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion of evidence to support the theory.
Exposition of the theory & discussion on evidence of the theory.
Drawing diagrams showing meeting of tectonic plates.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
3-4

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define folding.
Explain the causes of folding.
Identify parts of a fold.

Q/A: review vertical earth movements.
Discussion & drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
7-8

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of folds.
Features resulting from folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of folds.
Describe various folding processes.
Describe landforms resulting from folding.

Exposition of types of folds and resulting landforms.
Discussion & drawing labelled diagrams of landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
9-11

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Significance of folding.
Faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline effects of folding.
Define faulting.
Identify parts associated with a fault.

Q/A & discussion on effects of folding.
Assignment.
Q/A: review horizontal and vertical earth movements.
Discussion on parts associated with a fault.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
12-13

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of faults.
Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of faults.
Describe landforms resulting from faulting.

Probing questions and detailed discussion.
Discussion &
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
14-19

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Gregory Rift Valley.
Significance of faulting.
Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Trace the Gregory Rift Valley on a map.
Describe the parts of the Gregory Rift Valley.
Explain ways in which faulting is significant.
Explain effects of faulting on the physical environment.
Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive features.

Case study.
The Gregory rift system.
Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Assignment.
Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 21-22

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Intrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various intrusive features.
Explain formation of various intrusive features.
Illustrate intrusive features with labelled diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 32-34

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Extrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various extrusive volcanic features.
Illustrate extrusive volcanic features with labelled diagrams.

Give examples of extrusive features in Africa. Discussion.
Assignment.

Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-27

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of volcanoes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the three types of volcanoes.

Q/A & discussion on types of volcanoes.
Assignment: table showing types and examples of volcanoes in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-30

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.
Positive influences of vulcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify volcanic regions in Kenya and in Africa.
Explain ways in which vulcanicity is beneficial to man.

Drawing map of Kenya & Africa and showing the distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.
Q/A and detailed discussion.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 30-35

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Negative influences of vulcanicity.
Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight negative influences of vulcanicity.
Give definitions associated with earthquakes.

Q/A, detailed discussion and assignment.
Q/A definition of earthquake, shockwaves.
Exposition of new terms:
Seismology, epicentre, focus, tsunamis, tremors.
Drawing relevant diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 36

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe human and natural causes of earthquakes.

Q/A to review tectonic movements, vulcanicity.
Probing questions leading to causes of earthquakes.
Q/A: human activities that may cause tremors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
37-38

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.
Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.
Outline effects of earthquakes & tremors.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.
Q/A and brief discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.
Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

MAP WORK

Direction and Bearing. Methods of showing direction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between direction and bearing.

Outline some traditional and modern methods of showing direction.

Q/A and brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
42-43

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.
Parts of a photograph.
Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between ground close-ups and ground oblique photographs.
Distinguish between general oblique and vertical aerial photographs.
Identify horizontal and vertical divisions of a photograph.
State uses of photographs.
Highlight limitations in the use of photographs.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.
Divide a photograph into nine parts then mark them accordingly.
Q/A : Identifying features in each division.
Q/A and discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.
Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
55-57

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Interpretation of photographs.
Human activities on photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain what interpretation of photographs entails.
Identify various human activities on a photograph.

Class exercise: estimating the time and season when the photograph was taken, direction and sizes of features.
Oral questions on types of farming and supportive evidence.
Written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.
Sketching diagrams from photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify industrial and mining activities & forms of transport in a photograph.
Sketch diagrams from parts of photographs.

Oral questions on presence of industrial and mining activities & modes of transport and communication.
Teacher highlights the steps to be followed.
Supervised exercise &
written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative line graphs.
Comparative bar graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Construct comparative line graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative line graphs.
Construct comparative bar graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative bar graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative line graph.
Assignment.
Activity: construct a comparative bar graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
64-65

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

STATISTICAL METHODS.
FORESTRY

Analysis of statistical tables.
Natural and planted forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyse data in statistical tables.
Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Table analysis.
Assignment.
Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

FORESTRY

Types of natural forests.
Importance of forests and forests? products.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe types of natural forests.
State characteristics of trees in particular types of forests.
Identify importance of forests and forests? products.

Q/A & descriptive aPagesroach.
Q/A & discussion: economic, environmental, cultural values of forests.

Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
127-128

FORESTRY

Problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Management and conservation of forests.
Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Describe management and conservation practices carried out in Kenya.
State the importance of management and conservation of forests.
Compare and contrast development of softwood forests in Kenya and in Canada.
Identify factors favouring / militating against exploitation of softwoods in both countries.
Identify benefits of softwoods.

Q/A & detailed discussion.
Discussion: measures taken to manage and conserve forests and their importance.

Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Map ? location of Canada.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 130